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Biomedical subjects

G Gottlieb

Publications and source records attributed to G Gottlieb.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Effects of domestication on production and perception of mallard maternal alarm calls: developmental lag in behavioral arousal.

The process of domestication involves intense inbreeding. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to assess the effects of such intense genetic selection on the production and perception of the maternal alarm calls of domestic (Peking) and wild mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). With respect to production, the calls of wild and domestic ducks were comparable in four acoustic features and differed only slightly on two features. With respect to perception, the calls of wild and domestic hens were equally effective in promoting behavioral inhibition in wild and domestic ducklings. Although these data revealed little or no effect of domestication on the structure and function of the maternal alarm call, an unexpected effect was found regarding the domestic ducklings' behavior. Specifically, Pekings showed a greater level of behavioral inhibition than did mallards at 24 hr of age. Further experiments indicated that the differential level of inhibition in the wild and domestic birds reflects a developmental lag in arousal consequent to domestication: 72-hr-old Peking ducklings are behaviorally more aroused than 24-hr-old Peking ducklings and are similar to 24-hr-old mallard ducklings in that respect. This appears to be the first demonstration of behavioral heterochrony, which is believed to be an important mechanism of behavioral evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Development of species identification in ducklings: VIII. Embryonic versus postnatal critical period for the maintenance of species-typical perception.

It was previously demonstrated that the domestic mallard duck embryo must be exposed to its embryonic contact-contentment call at a repetition rate of four notes per second in order for the neonate to manifest the species-typical preference for the species maternal call at its normal rate (3.7 notes/sec) after hatching. The present study examined whether the exposure to the contact call must occur in the late embryonic period in order to be effective. It was found that exposure for as little as 5 min/hr for 24 hr was sufficient for normal perceptual development and that such stimulation could occur either before or after hatching, provided that a 48-hr "consolidation" period intervened between the end of stimulation and testing.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Visual preferences of imprinted ducklings are altered by the maternal call.

This study determined whether the visual characteristics of a familiar (imprinted) model or the auditory characteristics of the species maternal call are more important in determining the maternal preferences of visually imprinted ducklings. Domestic mallard (Peking) ducklings were visually imprinted to a stuffed model of a mallard duck during a 30-min following trial at 24 hr after hatching. Simultaneous choice tests between the familiar mallard model and an unfamiliar red-and-white striped box at 48 hr and 72 hr confirmed the efficacy of the imprinting procedure: When both models were silent, subjects preferred to follow the familiar mallard model. However, when a recording of the mallard maternal assembly call was played from a speaker mounted inside the red box, subjects imprinted to the mallard preferred to follow the unfamiliar box rather than the familiar mallard model (Experiment 1). That preference was not due merely to the audiovisual stimulation provided by athe box, since when a recording of intermittent tones was played from the mallard model, subjects imprinted to the mallard still preferred to follow the red box emitting the mallard call (Experiment 2). Playing only the tones from the red box disrupted the stability of the subjects' imprinted preferences between the first and second tests but did not produce a preference for the box (Experiment 3). These results show that the mallard maternal call is more important than visual experience with an inanimate model in determining the maternal preferences of visually imprinted Peking ducklings.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Development of species identification in ducklings: VI. Specific embryonic experience required to maintain species-typical perception in ducklings.

Earlier results showed that highly specific responsiveness to the mallard maternal call at the species-typical repetition rate (around 4 notes/sec) develops in the embryo in advance of auditory experience. If the embryo continues to be deprived of normally occurring auditory experience (exposure to its own and/or sib vocalizations), the repetition-rate specificity is lost after hatching. The present results show that the embryo must be exposed to the embryonic contact-contentment call at the normal rate of 4 notes/sec in order to maintain the specific responsiveness to the maternal call at 4 notes/sec after hatching. Exposure to other rates of the embryonic call neither maintains nor modifies the 4 notes/sec specififity. Thus, the maintenance of seemingly innate postnatal behavioral development is dependent upon a highly specific, normally occurring prior experience; it will not be maintained if only rath er general (nonspecific) sensory-stimulative conditions prevail during ontogeny, as has been assumed in the past.

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PubMed1978

Pulmonary function following feeding in low-birth-weight infants.

Determination of functional residual capacity, arterial gas tensions and pH, and arterial-alveolar differences was carried out in a group of nondistressed premature infants to determine if significant alterations in lung volumes or ventilation perfusion relationships sufficiently large to cause cyanosis could be detected after feeding. The only statistically significant changes observed in these parameters were immediately following feeding, a fall of .01 pH units and a fall of 6 mm Hg in arterial oxygen tension; and 15 minutes after feeding, a fall of .01 pH units and a rise in arterial PCO2 of 3 mm Hg. In addition, significant falls in peripheral blood flow were observed five minutes after feeding in association with marked elevations in peripheral vascular resistance. The mild impairment in pulmonary function in association with the more profound changes in limb blood flow are consistent with other studies in premature and full-term infants. These data suggest that cyanotic attacks following feeding may have a complex etiology and require an aggressive multisystem approach for adequate diagnosis and therapy.

Apnea↗
PubMed1978

Development of species identification in ducklings: IV. Change in species-specific perception caused by auditory deprivation.

The purpose of the present experiments was to identify the change in species-specific perception that underlies the aurally deprived ducklings' lack pf preference or discrimination in the mallard versus chicken call test. Among other acoustic differences, the mallard and chicken maternal calls differ in repetition rate (3.7 and 2.3 notes/sec, respectively). The present experiments showed the dimension of repetition rate to be uppermost in the perceptual hierarchy underlying the auditory aspect of species identification in Peking ducklings. The relatively narrow species-typical repetition-rate preferences of normal Peking ducklings (about 4--6 notes/sec) is lacking in the aurally deprived ducklings, and they respond to lower rates than usual (2.3 notes/sec). This broadening of the range of responsiveness on a perceptual dimension (repetition rate) that is basic to species identification accounts for the devocal ducklings' lack of discrimination in the mallard versus chicken call test.

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PubMed1976

Importance of pulmonary ventilation in respiratory control in the bullfrog.

Pulmonary and cutaneous O2 consumption (Vo2) and CO2 production (Vco2) were measured simultaneously in bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana at 20 degrees C. The lungs were responsible for 77.3-91.0% of the total Vo2 and 28.5-74.9% of the total VCO2. The distribution of the total exchange between the lungs and skin depended on metabolic rate; frogs with higher rates relied more heavily on the pulmonary mode for both Vo2 and Vco2. When prevented from ventilating their lungs in an O2-rich environment, bullfrogs developed severe respiratory acidosis, demonstrating the importance of lung exchange in normal acid-base balance. When frogs were totally submerged in an O2-saturated medium, skin Vco2 increased linearly to a steady-state value which approximated the preapneic total Vco2. In these same animals, arterial Pco2 increased proportionately to the increase in skin Vco2, indicating that skin diffusion capacity for CO2 was unaffected. We conclude that the control of breathing in the bullfrog in response to changes in metabolic rate relies predominantly on changes in lung ventilation while the skin plays a more passive role.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Development of species identification in ducklings: II. Experimental prevention of perceptual deficit caused by embryonic auditory deprivation.

Devocalized-isolated ducklings are relatively insensitive to the higher frequencies in their species' maternal call 24 hr after hatching. To assess the efficacy of various sounds in preventing this high-frequency perceptual deficit, devocalized-isolated embryos were exposed to one of three calls and tested with normal versus high-frequency attenuated maternal calls 24 hr after hatching. The embryonic vocalization (contact-contentment call) that most closely matched the region of the devocalized ducklings' greatest insensitivity (1,500-2,500 Hz) proved most efficacious in remedying (preventing) the high-frequency perceptual deficit. Exposure to the embryonic alarm-distress call was somewhat effective, whereas exposure to low-frequency white noise was not effective at all. This finding suggests that the normal development of innate behavior is partially dependent upon prior experience as well as upon intrinsic processes of neural maturation. Although normally occurring embryonic auditory experience does not induce the preference for the maternal call in this species, such experience does contribute to the sharpness of the discriminative basis of the preference 24 hr after hatching.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Development of species identification in ducklings: I. Nature of perceptual deficit caused by embryonic auditory deprivation.

In simultaneous choice tests with normal and filtered maternal calls, devocal-isolated ducklings were much more likely than vocal-communal ducklings to select the mallard maternal call in which the higher frequencies were severely attenuated, thus indicating their relative insensitivity to the higher frequency components of the maternal call. On the other hand, the devocal ducklings were as adept as vocal ducklings in selecting the normal mallard maternal cal1 when it was pitted against a low-frequency attenuated mallard call. Thus, the perceptual deficiency resulting from embryonic and postnatal auditory deprivation is selective in the sense of being relegated to the higher frequency components of the maternal call. Devocalization prevents the embryo and hatchling from hearing their own vocalizations all of which happen to be in the high-frequency range (greater than or equal to 1,500 Hz).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Development of species identification in ducklings: III. Maturational rectification of perceptual deficit caused by auditory deprivation.

Mute ducklings, devocalized as embryos and maintained in auditory isolation, manifest a selective high-frequency perceptual deficit vis-à-vis the maternal call of their species at 24 hr after hatching. Since it takes a rather specific auditory experiential input to rectify this high-frequency insensitivity at 24 hr, it was predicted that, in the absence of auditory experience, devocal-isolated ducklings would fail to show sufficient endogenously mediated improvement to bring them up to the level of perceptual competence of vocal-communal ducklings at any age. This hypothesis proved wrong in that the proportion of devocalized ducklings showing a preference for the normal maternal call over the greater than 825-Hz attenuated one became equivalent to the vocal ducklings at 48 hr after hatching, as did their ability to discriminate the normal maternal call from greater than 1,800-Hz attenuated maternal call. At 65 hr, however, the devocalized ducklings' performance deteriorated back to the level observed at 24 hr. Embryonic exposure to the (sibling) contact-contentment call prevents the perceptual deficit at 24 hr and the deterioration at 65 hr.

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