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Biomedical subjects

G Goldstein

Publications and source records attributed to G Goldstein.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Academic achievement in high functioning autistic individuals.

Academic achievement levels in 54 high functioning (IQ > 70) autistic subjects were compared with those of 41 normal controls, who did not differ significantly in age, IQ, gender, race, or SES from the autistic subjects. The measures of academic achievement used included portions of the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude-2, the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test, and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement. Based on prior neuropsychological findings, it was hypothesized that autistic subjects would not differ from controls on subtests assessing mechanical and procedural skills, but would differ on subtests measuring comprehension and interpretive skills. As predicted, the autistic subjects performed significantly less well than controls on comprehension tasks, but not on mechanical reading, spelling, and computational tasks. This pattern is at variance with the typical academic profile of individuals with disabilities in reading or spelling, but shares some features with the nonverbal learning disabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Age differences in academic achievement in high-functioning autistic individuals.

A battery of psychoeducational tests was administered to samples of high-functioning (IQ > 70) autistic subjects and normal controls. A previous psychoeducational study indicated the presence of preserved procedural and mechanical academic skills accompanied by impaired comprehension and interpretive skills in high-functioning autistic individuals. The present findings indicate that this psychoeducational pattern also has a developmental aspect. Younger (< 13 years) autistic subjects performed as well or better than younger controls on psychoeducational measures of mechanical and procedural skills, and on some complex, interpretive tasks. However, they performed more poorly than controls on tasks that involve following complex linguistic instructions. Younger autistic subjects and controls did not differ significantly from each other on interpretive tasks, while the older austic subjects did significantly more poorly than the older controls on such tasks. The findings are discussed in terms of early success, but subsequent decline, in the course of academic functioning in autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Neuropsychological differences between college students with learning disabilities and those with mild head injury.

College students with learning disabilities (LD) and those with a history of mild head injury (MHI) are two groups whose learning problems are not adequately addressed. We administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological, psychological, and academic achievement tests to college students with learning problems (LD, n = 35; MHI, n = 25) and a control group (n = 22), and completed a series of discriminant function analyses. A combination of six neuropsychological and psychoeducational test variables produced statistically significant differences among the three groups. The instruments were sensitive to LD, MHI, and the differences between them. The students with LD performed poorly on linguistically oriented psychoeducational tests, whereas the students with MHI showed cognitive deficits in visual-spatial skills and in the areas of attention, memory, and novel problem solving. Differential interventions addressing these deficits appear to be indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Stability and change in functional assessment of patients with geropsychiatric disorders.

OBJECTIVES: Functional assessments of patients with geropsychiatric disorders accomplished by self-rating, informant rating, and performance test were compared. METHOD: Fifty-eight inpatients with major depression or progressive dementia were evaluated on three occasions over 6 months with informant and patient versions of the Activities of Daily Living Scale of the Older Americans Resources and Services Multidimensional Functional Assessment (OARS-ADL) and with the Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills (PASS). RESULTS: Patients' scores became significantly worse (p < .01) on the informant version of the OARS-ADL and the PASS. Self-ratings with the OARS-ADL did not worsen significantly (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Agreement between informant rating and performance test concerning functional status of patients with dementia was good. Elderly patients with depression may experience subtle deterioration that only becomes apparent on performance tests.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1994

Home surgical recovery program proves value.

The evidence is overwhelming that sharp reductions in health care costs can be achieved by reducing or eliminating reliance on expensive hospital care. In surgery, this is not always possible. However, significant savings can be achieved through reducing the length of time that a surgery patient must spend in the hospital. In outpatient surgery, the hospital stay is reduced to a single day. In this article, the authors describe a home surgical recovery program that has had great success in reducing hospital stays for even more complicated surgical procedures, frequently matching the achievements of outpatient surgery programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Verbal problem solving in high functioning autistic individuals.

The verbal problem-solving and abstract reasoning ability of 25 high-functioning autistic individuals ages 11 to 41 was compared with normal controls individually matched on age, gender, race, IQ, and educational level. The Twenty Questions Procedure was administered using a grid of 42 common objects. Time to complete the task, number of correct solutions, and number and type of questions asked were analyzed. Results indicated that controls were more often successful in achieving solutions, and in formulating constraint seeking questions that conceptually grouped, ordered, and sorted the objects. In contrast, the autistics relied primarily on guessing. Findings are consistent with prior studies reporting a core deficit in autism involving abstract reasoning ability.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Neurobehavioral heterogeneity in schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a neurobehavioral disorder with heterogeneous symptomatology. Studies of cognitive function in schizophrenia have also demonstrated heterogeneous patterns and levels of function among patients. In this paper, we review attempts to arrive at meaningful subtypes of cognitive function in schizophrenia through the use of cluster analysis. The subtypes obtained were related to variables extrinsic and intrinsic to schizophrenia itself. It was noted that while classification of subjects was associated to some extent with extrinsic factors, such as age, education, and neurological comorbidity, a portion of the heterogeneity could still be associated with intrinsic factors. It was suggested that these factors might be consistent with currently proposed neurobiological subtypes of schizophrenia.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Modification of cytokine production by piroxicam.

OBJECTIVE: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have been thought to act by inhibiting the enzyme, cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin H synthetase). We sought to demonstrate additional biologic actions of this class of drugs including effects on cytokine production. METHODS: We administered the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug piroxicam 20 mg to 6 healthy volunteers daily for 7 days. Before and for one week after drug administration, concentrations of interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), produced by anti-CD3 stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, were measured. RESULTS: Piroxicam treatment resulted in elevation of levels of IL-2, depression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha and IFN-gamma, and no consistent effect on IL-4. CONCLUSION: Piroxicam modulates production of various cytokines in a complex fashion when administered to healthy individuals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Retraction.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Retraction Notice↗
PubMed1993

Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of production of multiple lymphokines by in vivo administration of dexamethasone.

Glucocorticoids are extremely potent immunosuppressive agents, capable of directly affecting the function of lymphocytes. We studied the effect of in vivo dexamethasone (DEX) administration on anti-CD3-induced lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine production in mice. To characterize the kinetics and dose responsiveness of lymphocytes to DEX, splenocytes from BALB/c mice that had received a single dose of DEX in vivo were cultured in vitro with suboptimal and optimal concentrations of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Cell proliferation in response to suboptimal concentrations of anti-CD3 was decreased by DEX doses of > or = 30 mg/kg; much higher doses (> or = 200 mg/kg) were required to inhibit cell proliferation in response to optimal anti-CD3 stimulation. Inhibition of suboptimal anti-CD3-stimulated proliferation was evident within 4 hr after DEX administration, was maintained for at least 24 hr, and was no longer evident at 7 and 14 days. Lymphokine secretion induced by optimal doses of anti-CD3 in vitro was differentially affected by in vivo DEX treatment. IL-1 alpha, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma levels were decreased by treatment with low doses of DEX (30 mg/kg), whereas higher doses were required to inhibit production of IL-2, IL-3, and TNF. GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor) was least susceptible to DEX inhibition. Low-dose (30 mg/kg) DEX treatment significantly reduced anti-CD3-stimulated production of most lymphokines tested at 4 and 12 hr; by 24 hr the levels of most lymphokines had begun to return to control values. Hence, our data indicate that administration of a single dose of DEX (30 mg/kg for 4 hr) results in significant suppression of lymphokine production and cell proliferation that precedes any significant cell loss and can be used as a reversible model of immunosuppression.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Retraction notice.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Retraction Notice↗
PubMed1993

A neuropsychological approach to the Bannatyne recategorization of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales in adults with learning disabilities.

An investigation was conducted of the diagnostic ability of the Bannatyne recategorization of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) into spatial, verbal-conceptual, and sequential components for adults with learning disabilities. A comparison among neuropsychological, intelligence, and achievement test data was made to evaluate the applicability of this recategorization. The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB), the WAIS-R, and the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (WRAT-R) were administered to 103 adult subjects with learning disabilities. The LNNB scales were cluster analyzed, and cluster membership was cross-tabulated against WAIS-R, WRAT-R, and demographic data. The major findings were that (a) the mean scores fit the Bannatyne pattern in two of the four clusters; and (b) the Bannatyne pattern was found in only about 20% of the total sample. It was concluded that identification of the Bannatyne pattern is of diagnostic utility, but its absence is inconclusive.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Relationships among academic, neuropsychological, and intellectual status in subtypes of adults with learning disability.

A study was conducted of 102 adults with learning disability for the purposes of (1) contrasting a rule-based with an empirical method of classification into subtypes based on academic achievement levels in reading and arithmetic; and (2) examining cognitive profiles obtained with the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) associated with each of the rule and empirically based subtypes. Both similarities and differences were found between classification methods. Both methods indicated that specific reading disability was associated with the most impaired cognitive profiles of the three subtypes identified. However, they did not agree concerning cognitive profiles of subtypes, characterised by a specific arithmetic deficit or a global deficit. It was found that both the Lurid-Nebraska and WAIS-R profiles distinguished among subtypes more by pattern than by level of performance.

Journal Article↗