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Biomedical subjects

G G Jackson

Publications and source records attributed to G G Jackson.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

An evaluation of the use of statistical methodology in the Journal of Infectious Diseases.

One hundred fourteen articles published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases in 1982 were evaluated for the occurrence of eight commonly made statistical errors. Seventy-one percent of Original Articles and 50% of presentations in the Data Forum used statistical methods to analyze results. Almost all of the articles that used statistics contained at least one statistical error. The most common inadequacy, which occurred in 95% of the articles with statistical data, was the statement of a probability value without a complete summary of the statistical results. The most common error was the failure to include a correction for multiple comparisons. These results suggest that a more clearly stated statistical policy, a more explicit set of instructions to authors, and closer editorial attention to statistical methodology, perhaps at the prepublication phase, would improve the validity of articles published in the Journal.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1984

The key role of aminoglycosides in antibacterial therapy and prophylaxis.

The discovery that aminosugars found in nature kill common bacteria initiated use of a new class of antibiotics that have played a key role in the management of several major medical problems over the past 40 years. The rapid bactericidal effect of the aminoglycosides on aerobic Gram-negative bacilli has expanded their use to approximately 6% of all our general hospital patients. These agents have many desirable properties, but also have the potential for producing ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity that imposes pharmacological limitations on their optimum use. The experience of earlier investigations demonstrated the need for quantitative measurements and individual patient dosing which has reduced the risk of toxicity many fold. Using sensitive measurements, toxic manifestations can be classified as detectable by laboratory means only, some that have clinical expression and rarely a lasting handicap. Semisynthetic modification of kanamycin (amikacin) and sissomicin (netilmicin) protects these compounds against inactivation by most bacterial enzymes and preserves their effectiveness. Netilmicin seems to have less potential for causing toxicity, especially ototoxicity that is irreversible, and offers the possibility of further gains through pharmacological flexibility without crippling toxicity.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1984

The clinical versatility of aminoglycosides.

The value of netilmicin, like that of other antibiotics, is influenced by its antimicrobial specificity, dosage and ease of administration, activity in pus and the underlying condition of the host. Different classes of antibiotics and different members among a group of antibiotics have relative strengths and weaknesses among these clinical factors that affect the results of antibacterial therapy and must be determined by careful clinical investigation.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1982

Topical enviroxime against rhinovirus infection.

Enviroxime, an inhibitor of rhinovirus replication, was studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 99 volunteers. The efficacy of a nasal-spray formulation of enviroxime was tested as pretreatment or as postchallenge treatment for rhinovirus type 4 infection. In the regimens used, drug administration neither prevented infection nor reduced the frequency of specific colds. The mean concentration of enviroxime in nasal washes (12 h after a dose) differentiated two groups of responders. Those in whom the drug concentration exceeded 100 ng/ml had some benefits, although these were statistically insignificant.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1982

Influence of adrenocorticotropin and adrenalectomy on gonadotropin secretion in immature rats.

We examined the effects and mechanisms of action of ACTH and ACTH fragments on gonadotropin secretion in immature rats. ACTH administered by daily injection or continuous infusion (osmotic minipumps) attenuated the postcastration rise in serum LH. Pituitary LH concentration was either unchanged or increased in ACTH-treated rats and pituitary sensitivity to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was reduced by ACTH treatment. A fragment of ACTH (ACTH 4-10), which is less steroidogenic, did not alter levels of serum LH, and ACTH did not reduce LH secretion in adrenalectomized castrates. Serum and pituitary concentrations of prolactin were normal in ACTH-treated animals. These studies demonstrate that the suppression of gonadotropin secretion by ACTH is mediated by the adrenal gland. This mechanism causes a decreased pituitary sensitivity to GnRH, but LH synthesis does not appear to be affected. Prolactin does not play a role in this mechanism.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1981

Considerations of antibiotic prophylaxis in nonsurgical high risk patients.

Among patients in general hospitals approximately one-third receive antimicrobial drugs, and nosocomial infections develop in 3 to 4 percent of them. These two events vary widely suggesting no constant relation, except that antibiotic use affects the etiology and course of nosocomial infections. There is deliberation about the benefits versus the harm of antibiotic prophylaxis. It avoids the morbidity and tissue damage from infection with the least antibiotic for the shortest time and works best when the need is brief or the microbial target is a single species. Among nonsurgical patients, a high risk of infection results from exposure to a transmissible infection, minor procedural trauma or increased host susceptibility. In clinical use, antimicrobial prophylaxis usually combines inefficiency with unproved efficacy. Prevention of nosocomial acquisition of urinary tract infection, pneumonia, catheter sepsis and cutaneous infections by antibiotic prophylaxis is ineffective. Recommendations in other conditions are derived mostly from presumed benefit, recognized failures and assessment of adverse results from drug use. Inefficient long-term prophylaxis contributes to the emergence of transmissible bacterial drug resistance. Those clinical conditions that represent need with reasonable efficiency and those that are useless and dangerous prophylactic practices should be defined. Using one and avoiding the other through education and professional discipline offers the best hope of amplifying effective antibiotic prophylaxis and minimizing unwanted effects on the recipient and hospital cohorts.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

[Prophylactic use of antibiotics (author's transl)].

The correlation between extensive aminoglycoside usage and the resistance of P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae (up to 40%) is a particularly striking aspect in hospitals. Favourable conditions for an effective prophylaxis are the limitation to one pathogen, a defined location and recent contamination. In so-called "clean" operations, prophylaxis is reasonably justified in exceptional cases only. Likewise, no benefit is to be expected from chemoprophylaxis in most of the so-called "clean-contaminated" surgical procedures. In septic surgery, antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated even if effectiveness is limited. Indiscriminate routine use, longterm treatment and local application of antibiotics to intensely contaminated areas is definitely not to be recommended.

Aminoglycosides↗