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Biomedical subjects

G Debry

Publications and source records attributed to G Debry.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Dietary prevention of dental caries].

In industrialized countries, for the past few years, the decreasing prevalence of dental caries is due to the improvements of oral hygiene, alimentary prevention and water and salt fluoridation. The dental caries are promoted by the consumption of sucrose when it is too high and/or too frequent between meals. The well cooked sucrose-containing starch - are more cariogenic than sucrose alone. Prevention aims first at high consumers of cariogenic foods and at subjects who are genetically predisposed to dental caries.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1993

[Dietetic prevention in elderly in France].

Beside effects of dietetic recommendations on cellular or tissular ageing, dietetic prevention in elderly aims, at avoiding nutritional deficiencies in healthy old individuals and thus, the occurrence of induced diseases. Requirements of healthy housebound elderly are not different from those of adults but, more than in adults, diet's quality and palatability are important to insure maintenance of intakes. Beyond these advises, dietetic prevention in geriatrics requires screening of physical, psychical and social handicaps frequently observed in very old persons. Their additional effects could deeply modify dietary balance, especially during an acute intercurrent disease or following modifications of the environment. The practitioner's part is essential in preventing malnutrition in an old person impaired by chronic diseases: preventing the outcome of a denutrition to an irreversible state may avoid a medical and social decompensation leading to institutionalisation.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Self-monitoring of blood glucose and insulin dose alteration in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between proper use of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) including knowledge and application of specific algorithms and metabolic control in a group of randomly selected insulin-dependent diabetic patients. We studied 80 patients responding to the following criteria: intensive conventional insulin therapy and SMBG for at least 6 months using a reflectance meter, and previous 5-day hospital education period. The practical knowledge of the guidelines was evaluated by a questionnaire simulating 8 metabolic situations. A computer analysis of the SMBG data for the 3 months preceding the study allowed us to evaluate patient compliance with SMBG (number of blood glucose determinations) and patients' application of the guidelines (percentage of insulin doses modified according to the guidelines). Fifty-nine patients (79%) were compliant with SMBG and had better metabolic control than the non-compliers (HbA1c: 6.7 +/- 1.1% vs. 7.5 +/- 1.9, P < 0.05). Twenty-eight out of the 59 compliant subjects had good knowledge of the guidelines but without patent improvement of glycemic control. Seventeen of these 28 correctly used the algorithms to modify insulin dosage; their HbA1c levels were lower than those of the 11 patients who did not use the algorithms (6.1 +/- 0.9 vs. 7.1 +/- 0.9%, P < 0.05). The percentage of insulin dose modification consistent with the guidelines and the level of HbA1c was negatively correlated in the good-knowledge group. The conclusion is that good metabolic control is linked not only with the degree of knowledge but also with the application of this knowledge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Effects of dietary phytosterols on liver lipids and lipid metabolism enzymes.

The effects of dietary phytosterols on lipid metabolism have been assessed through determination of liver lipids (sterols and fatty acids) and lipid metabolism enzymes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) in rats fed 12 or 24 mg cholesterol a day and 0-96 mg phytosterols. The results indicate that, provided the dietary phytosterol to cholesterol ratio is at least 1 and in the presence of a dietary cholesterol excess, phytosterols do exert a regulatory role through decreases of both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malic enzyme activities. A ratio of 2 enhances this effect. At the same time, liver fatty acids and cholesterol contents significantly decrease.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed1992

[Effects of coffee on the respiratory system].

The consumption of coffee is a very old and popular habit. It is possible that it may have an effect on the respiratory system and on the regulation of respiration. Apart from the manifestations of hypersensitivity linked to the handling of green coffee, the consumption of coffee can have different effects. On the one hand it has a beneficial effect on bronchospasm. On the other hand its consumption has been suspected of contributing to the development of chronic airflow obstruction (COPD) and also in the genesis of bronchial cancer, without, however, its responsibility being proven in a clear fashion. In fact, in these two latter pathological circumstances, the causal relationship is probably indirectly linked to the fact that there is a strong positive correlation between the consumption of coffee and of tobacco. Finally the consumption of coffee increases ventilatory frequency in normal subjects and also in the course of COPD, and if taken in large quantities by pregnant women, there is an increased risk of neonatal apnoea in the newborn, by an abrupt cessation in the caffeine level.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Advertisements for the treatment of obesity or deceit without limits].

In magazines the advertisements for slimming diets or products are more and more frequent. The study of these advertisements shows that most of them do not give any indication on the composition of products or on the nature of the proposed methods. The selling arguments are the most often fallacious: freely diminution of body weight without dieting and physical activities, lack of checks, no successive increase of body weight, dramatic and quick slimming, debatable informations on the mechanisms of actions. In addition these treatments are followed without medical supervision. They are the antithesis of the right therapeutics of obesities. The diffusion of these methods as that of the numerous books on the slimming diets or technics in various European countries requires a study in order to protect the patients against their exploitation and a proposal of legislation for the European Countries in the whole which will make up the future Great European Community.

Advertising↗
PubMed1991

[Nutritional requirements of elderly].

Nutritional requirements of the elderly (more than 70 years old) are not yet well known. The aging-associated changes of the body composition with decrease of height, bodyweight, fat free mass, increase of adipose tissue and the decrease of physical energy expenditure modify the nutritional requirements. Owing the insufficiency of our scientific knowledge the energy and protein requirements of elderly people are assumed by W.H.O. experts as 70 p. 100 of adults' ones. Water, minerals, trace elements and vitamins requirements would be similar to those of adults. The quality of meals and their hedonic properties are important factors for the preservation of appetite.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Diet peculiarities. Vegetarianism, veganism, crudivorism, macrobiotism].

People who refuse to eat meat animal products mostly adhere to vegetarianism, veganism, crudivorism or macrobiotism, But these food habits are only one part of life-style chosen for spiritual, ethic or hygienic and healthy motivations. Except vitamin B12 deficiencies these regimens do not produce other deficiencies if they are correctly followed and if the energy intake is in agreement with the RDA'S. They reduce the risks of metabolic diseases, coronaropathies, arterial hypertension, colon cancer, diverticular disease of the colon, kidney and gallstones. Nevertheless crudivorism and macrobiotism are associated with high risks of deficiencies especially in children and pregnant women.

Deficiency Diseases↗
PubMed1991

[Enteral feeding. Principles and techniques, nutritive solutions].

A great number of nutritional solutions can be found owing to the technical progress of enteral nutrition and the diversity of available nutritive solutions. In this paper are described the various materials, their advantages and disadvantages together with the available nutritive solutions. The interests of new methods of gastrostomy by endoscopy and the progress due to the use of nutritive pumps are pointed out. Physicians can now choose the type of feeding adapted to specific nutrients requirements of the patients. They can also vary it in relation to its tolerance and the evolution of nutritional situation. Practice of enteral nutrition needs a very accurate knowledge of material, nutritive solutions and technical uses. They also have to be in agreement with the strict obligations of food hygiene.

Enteral Nutrition↗
PubMed1991

Physiological importance of omega-3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in man. An overview of still unresolved and controversial questions.

The 'essentiality' of (omega-6) and (omega-3) fatty acids in mammals is well known. Nevertheless, some important points remain unclear concerning their implication in physiology. After a short discussion about the definition of essential fatty acids deficiency, this brief overview deals with some of these points, pointing out some of the unresolved questions. Different subjects are approached concerning the (omega-6) and (omega-3) fatty acids metabolism: desaturases, eicosanoids, production, as well as some of their metabolic effects on cell membranes, intestinal function, glucose and lipid metabolism, haemorheology.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of (13C)ethanol incorporation into very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides using gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry coupling.

Gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) coupling was used to evaluate (13C)ethanol incorporation into plasmatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides of three healthy human volunteers. After the perfusion of 13C-enriched alcohol, VLDL triglyceride fractions were extracted from plasma samples and prepared for the analysis of (13C)fatty acid methyl esters. The GC/IRMS coupling line, the analytical procedure and the data collection are described. The results show that ethanol itself may be used as a substrate for lipogenesis, though to a small extent: less than 10% of VLDL triglycerides may be derived from this metabolic pathway. Ethanol incorporates predominantly into myristic and palmitic acid. The small amount of sample material required for analysis, which minimizes the amount of isotope-labelled substrate required, makes this technique a valuable tool for metabolic investigations in human subjects.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed1991

Lactose and cataract in humans: a review.

In this review, the relationship between lactose and human cataract is examined from the presently available biochemical, metabolic, and epidemiological data. The exceptional cases of homozygous enzyme deficiency being excluded, fragmentary data give reason to believe that a risk of cataract secondary to lactose and galactose ingestion is present in certain subpopulations. In these population groups, the size of which is unknown, the lens could be exposed to intermittent episodes of hypergalactosemia due to the presence of a partial enzyme deficiency in the galactose metabolic pathway, and/or the persistence of a high adult jejunal lactase activity, and/or to a large and repeated consumption of either whole lactose or easily absorbed lactose (hydrolyzed forms and nonpasteurized yogurt).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of dietary cholesterol and phytosterol overload on Wistar rat plasma lipids.

To study the effects of dietary phytosterols on plasma cholesterol, Wistar rats were fed diets containing a cholesterol overload (24 mg/day), to which phytosterols were added or not (24 or 96 mg/day). The cholesterol overload led to a marked increase in cholesterol, mainly linked to very-low-density and low-density lipoproteins. Phytosterols reduced those effects, the highest dose being most efficient. No undesirable effect was observed either on body or on liver weights. This shows that low doses of phytosterols are sufficient to significantly decrease a plasma cholesterol enhancement induced by a dietary cholesterol overload.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Estimation of the daily dietary fiber intake in France].

The recent progress in the knowledge of dietary fiber, largely based on epidemiological evidence, suggests that they have an essential role in human health. Furthermore, the effects of high-fiber diets on bowel habits have been well known for a long time. Several studies showed the correlations between intestinal transit time (ITT) and fecal wet weight (FWW) and FWW and the consumption of dietary fiber. The FWW could therefore be a basis for determining a recommended intake of dietary fiber to achieve a regular ITT in adult humans. It appears that little has been published about food consumption and particularly about dietary fiber intake in France. Using the statistical data on French food consumption published by the French National Institute of Economic Studies, we evaluated the average daily consumption of dietary fiber of French adults at about 16 g. Analyzing several suggestions, we conclude that the recommended daily intake of dietary fiber should be in the range of 30-40 g for French adults.

Defecation↗
PubMed1990

[Nutritional requirements of aged people].

The nutritional requirements of elderly people are yet not well known. Energy requirements are depending on age and bodyweight: in man between 6700 kJ/j and 9100 kJ/j, in women 6200 kJ/j and 8100 kJ/j. Protein requirements are similar in both sexes: between 50-60 grs/j. Carbohydrates and lipids are covering respectively 50-55% and 30-35% of total energy intake. Water requirements are 1,25 l/j whose at least 0,71 l/j of beverages. Mineral requirements are: 75-100 mEq/j for sodium, 12-25 mEq/j for potassium, 1000 mgrs/j for calcium, 500 mgrs/j for magnesium and 10 mgrs/j for iron. Trace elements and vitamins requirements are insufficiently known. Actually one consider that they are similar to those of adults. An energy intake of 6700 kJ/j, even if the foods are diversified, does not cover the nutritional requirements of elderly people.

Aged↗