Endometrial ablation or hysterectomy?
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Electrocoagulation↗
Biomedical subjects
G D Miller
Publications and source records attributed to G D Miller.
Exercise decreases fat selection in female rats during weight cycling.
Weight cycling (weight loss and regain) increases fat intake in rats allowed to self-select a diet from protein, carbohydrate, and fat sources. This study reports the effects of exercise on macronutrient self-selection. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (5 mo old) self-selected their diet. After 3 wk, rats were assigned to one of the following three groups: ad libitum fed sedentary (Con), sedentary food restricted to 40% Con intake (R-Sed), or treadmill exercised (20 m/min, 1 h/day, 6 day/wk) food restricted to 40% Con intake (R-Ex). Food restriction was for 3 wk followed by 5 wk of refeeding. This was repeated for a second cycle. During restriction, body weight decreased by 30% in R-Sed and by 33% in R-Ex than in R-Sed, fat regain was greater in R-Sed. By week 3 of refeeding, total caloric consumption did not differ. However, fat selection increased in R-Sed (56% kcal) vs. R-Ex (30%) and Con (35%). Fat selection in R-Sed increased further during cycle 2 (73% kcal). Resting oxygen consumption decreased during food restriction in R-Sed and R-Ex. After refeeding, resting metabolic rate in R-Ex was significantly greater than in R-Sed. In conclusion, weight cycling increases dietary fat selection and adiposity. Exercise mitigates this effect.
Adipose Tissue↗
Interactions between lead and essential elements: a review.
Young children are especially susceptible to the toxic effects of lead. Although the effects of overt lead intoxication have been well studied, critical information on the long-term effects of low level lead exposure is lacking. The results of recent clinical studies indicate that "chronic" low level lead exposure during development can result in behavioral alterations in the absence of overt neurotoxicity. The perturbation of central nervous system functioning may be the result of essential mineral deficiencies resulting from lead-induced impairment of mineral availability and/or an increased sensitivity to lead in the absence of adequate levels of essential minerals. This article reviews research undertaken to examine the interactions between calcium, iron, zinc, copper and lead with reference to how this may impact central nervous system functioning.
Animals↗
Noncognitive criteria for assessing students in North American medical schools.
In 1986 the authors mailed a one-page questionnaire to 135 North American medical schools requesting information about written expectations for students that contain noncognitive criteria. Eighty-eight questionnaires (65.2%) were returned, and 48 schools (54.5%) indicated they possessed written noncognitive criteria. Those schools having noncognitive criteria were asked to submit the criteria for review and were questioned about their reasons for establishing such criteria. Those schools not having noncognitive criteria were asked whether they perceived a need for such criteria and had plans for developing them. The study showed an increasing trend to create criteria that assist in administrative actions when problems arise. In the 31 sets of noncognitive criteria submitted for the study, the rank order of specific expectations was, from most to least frequently mentioned: honesty, professional behavior, dedication to learning, appearance, respect for law, respect for others, confidentiality, aid to others, substance abuse, and financial responsibility. The authors make recommendations for schools wishing to create noncognitive criteria and explain why they feel such criteria should receive the recognition and importance given to cognitive criteria.
Attitude↗
DSP-4 treatment produces abnormal tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in rat hippocampus.
DSP-4 has been used as selective toxin for central norepinephrine (NE) systems. The depletion of NE by DSP-4 is though to result from neurotoxic destruction of locus coeruleus terminals and axons. We have used tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry (TH-IR), silver stains for neural degeneration, and electron microscopy to examine the morphological effects of DSP-4 treatment on the rat hippocampus. Animals survived for either 2 or 5 weeks after DSP-4 treatment. DSP-4 depleted hippocampal norepinephrine levels to 15% of control values. Abnormally enlarged TH-IR fibers were found in the hippocampus of DSP-4-treated animals. No evidence of fiber degeneration was found following light or electron microscopic examination of the dentate hilus in DSP-4-treated animals. These data suggest that DSP-4 treatment does not destroy NE terminals, but may produce an intraneuronal lesion leading to an accumulation of TH and a depletion of norepinephrine within the terminal fields.
Animals↗
Changes in the noradrenergic innervation of the area dentata after axotomy of coeruleohippocampal projections or unilateral lesion of the locus coeruleus.
Lesions of the septal region result in a significant decrease in the norepinephrine content of the area dentata. Over a period of one year, norepinephrine levels return to normal, presumably due to the proliferation of remaining locus coeruleus fibers. Unilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus produce reductions in [3H]norepinephrine uptake values of about 70% and 30% in the ipsilateral and contralateral area dentata, respectively. By 12 weeks after lesion, the noradrenergic fiber density in the contralateral area dentata is within the range of control measurements, whereas the area dentata ipsilateral to the lesion remains significantly depleted of noradrenergic fibers. At 26 weeks postlesion, no further change was observed in the noradrenergic fiber density of either area dentata. These results are interpreted in light of the hypothesis that locus coeruleus axon proliferation is induced by axotomy and represents the expansion of intact collaterals of damaged fibers.
Animals↗
Nondrug prescriptions for the depressed adult outpatient.
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Adult↗
National survey of writers of dean's letters for residency applications.
The purpose of the study reported here was to provide descriptive information about dean's letters, which are comprehensive summary letters sent near the end of students' undergraduate medical training by medical school deans to be part of the students' residency applications. Deans of student affairs at 124 U.S. medical schools were surveyed regarding composition of these letters at their institution. They were asked to describe themselves and the letters they write. Responses were received from 87 percent of these schools and provided data on types of information included in the letters, the decision to edit evaluations, student participation in the letter-writing process, use of final summary statements, cost and length of letters, and attitudes toward the development of national letter-writing guidelines. Major findings of the survey show that 97 percent of the writers allocated more space for clinical evaluations than basic science evaluations. Less than 50 percent of the writers included the student's class rank. Almost all included narrative evaluations of the student's performance during the clinical years. Negative information on students was addressed inconsistently by the writers. Eighty-five percent of the writers categorized their students in final summary statements, but many of these failed to provide descriptions of the categories used or explanatory data. The present authors make recommendations for writing more credible and useful letters.
Educational Measurement↗
Internal escape channel to improve the seating of full crowns with various marginal configurations: a follow-up study.
The effectiveness of an internal escape channel in improving the marginal adaptation of full crowns with various marginal configuration was investigated. Full crowns with 90-degree shoulders had a vertical discrepancy comparable to those of crowns with accentuated finish lines. Although an internal escape channel significantly improved the seating of a full crown with a 90-degree shoulder and 45-degree level, its vertical discrepancy was much higher than those of crowns with an accentuated finish line or a 90-degree shoulder.
Cementation↗
Comparison of retentive properties of dowel forms after application of intermittent torsional forces.
Four different forms of cast-gold dowels (round parallel-sided, round parallel-sided with antirotational keyways, tapered, and ovoid parallel-sided) were subjected to intermittent horizontal and vertical rotational forces prior to tensile testing. The results of this experiment indicated that ovoid parallel-sided dowels were the most retentive. Tapered dowels were found to be the least retentive. The addition of antirotational features to the round parallel-sided dowel did not improve the retentive values. The retentive properties of the round parallel-sided dowels, with or without antirotational features, were not statistically different from the ovoid parallel-sided dowels. Sandblasting the finished castings prior to cementation increased retention.
Crowns↗
The effect of a corrugated channel on the retentive properties of an obturator-reinforced composite resin dowel-core system.
A study was conducted to compare the retentive properties of the obturator-reinforced composite resin dowel and core systems with and without corrugated dentin surfaces in the dowel channels. A commercially available tap with a diameter of about 1.4 mm and a thread groove depth of 100 micron was used to accomplish this dentin roughening. To compare whether methods of placement affect the retentive capacities of this dowel and core system, a Lentulo spiral, Jiffy tube, and Centrix C-R syringe were used to insert the resin mixes into the corrugated channels. The following conclusions can be drawn. By corrugating or roughening the dentin surface of the prepared channel, the retentive properties of this dowel and core system are significantly increased. In this system using minimal amounts of composite resin, the three methods of placement exhibited no significant difference in retention. The retentive failure seemed to occur at the resin-tooth interface. Increasing the degree of corrugation (deeper grooves) increased the retention, but caution must be exercised to prevent weakening the tooth.
Crowns↗
Some esthetic factors in a smile.
A survey of the characteristics of an open smile was conducted with 454 full-face photographs of randomly selected dental and dental hygiene students. Findings show that an average smile exhibits approximately the full length of the maxillary anterior teeth, has the incisal curve of the teeth parallel to the inner curvature of the lower lip, has the incisal curve of the maxillary anterior teeth touching slightly or missing slightly the lower lip, and displays the six upper anterior teeth and premolars. Consideration of the characteristics may be useful in improving the esthetics of restorations.
Adult↗
The effect of diethylhydroxylamine on the incidence of tumors induced by benzo(a)pyrene in the mouse.
Groups of 20 male and 20 female CD-1(ICR)Br mice were treated either with 0, 3, 30, or 300 mg diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA)/kg-day (administered via the drinking water) from 57-112 days of age. For the four week period between 70 to 98 days of age, all animals received (via gavage) eight 1 mg doses of benzo(a)pyrene at 4 day intervals. One hundred thirty-seven animals survived the dosing period. Of these, 132 survived to 211 days of age at which time they were euthanized and necropsied. Gross lesions were observed only in the lungs and squamous portion of the stomach. Treatment with DEHA produced no significant effect on the lung tumor incidence of either sex. However, a significant increase in stomach tumors was observed in the females.
Aging↗
The acquisition of muscular strength: the influence of training velocity and initial VO2 max.
To examine velocity specific training and to determine if VO2 max is related to the increase in muscular strength and power, 12 elite male swimmers (means age = 18.8 years) were blocked on VO2 max and assigned high intensity, high velocity training. Subjects performed 2 or 3 circuits of two 20s sets at each of six variable resistance stations at a work relief ratio of 1:3. Subjects trained four times weekly, for five weeks. Loads were set to achieve limb velocities of approximately 180 degrees X s-1. Increases (p less than 0.001) in all knee peak torques at 180 degrees X s-1 were observed. A decrease (p less than 0.02) was noted in right knee extension at 30 degrees X s-1, while other peak torques at that velocity remained constant. Anaerobic power increased (p less than 0.001) across the training programme. No differences in the magnitude of training effects were observed between High or Low Aerobic groups with the exception of right knee extension at 180 degrees X s-1, where the Low Aerobic group demonstrated the greater improvement (p less than 0.009). In conclusion, this type of velocity specific training can elicit improvements in peak muscular torques at or near the training velocity. Apparently, initial VO2 max did not limit the attainment of muscular strength and power.
Adolescent↗
Multiple dose exposure effects on the tissue distribution of lead in the preweanling rat.
The time dependent tissue/organ distribution of Pb resulting from repeated intragastric exposure of the preweanling rat to Pb acetate was investigated. On the day of parturition, 12 dams were assigned randomly either to control (nonhandled) or Pb-treated groups and their litters were culled to 8 pups. On days 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 post partum, the experimental groups received 50 mg Pb (as Pb acetate)/kg body weight containing 50 microCi of 210Pb. By day 7 (N = 15), the liver had accumulated 1.48 +/- 0.14 micrograms Pb/g wet weight (avg. +/- SE) and the kidney, 1.21 +/- 0.20 micrograms/g. However, most of the Pb was found in the intestine (129.07 +/- 20.90 micrograms/g) and intestinal contents (8.31 +/- 1.16 total Pb). By day 14 (N = 14), bone had accumulated 20.86 +/- 1.05 micrograms/g Pb while the liver and kidney levels had increased to 2.59 +/- 0.22 and 2.51 +/- 0.08 micrograms/g, respectively. At this time, blood was found to contain 0.87 +/- 0.07 micrograms/g and brain, 0.14 +/- 0.03 micrograms/g. On day 14, the greatest quantities of Pb were again found in the intestine and intestinal contents; 45.87 +/- 4.93 and 441.26 +/- 23.77 micrograms/g, respectively. By day 21 (N = 32), the concentration of Pb in liver, intestine, intestinal contents, and blood had decreased to 1.03 +/- 0.02, 4.22 +/- 1.68, 1.03 +/- 0.02 and 0.29 +/- 0.02 micrograms/g, respectively, while that in kidney remained unchanged (2.38 +/- 0.07 micrograms/g). By day 21, the concentration of Pb in bone and brain increased to 43.85 +/- 1.18 and 0.31 +/- 0.02 micrograms/g, respectively. However, it is to be noted that brain Pb levels were relatively low. There was no accumulation of Pb in lung, heart, stomach, or spleen at any time. Although the spleen did not accumulate any Pb, it was effected by Pb exposure as evidenced by a significant decrease in wet weight. Body weights of Pb-treated animals were comparable to those of control animals throughout the period of preweanling development.
Age Factors↗
Relationship between urinary sodium and potassium, and arterial blood pressure: an epidemiologic study.
An epidemiologic study was conducted to ascertain the relationship between urinary sodium and potassium, and arterial blood pressure in normal, nonhospitalized adults. Random samples of 1,939 adult residents, 35 to 54 years of age, of Savannah, Georgia; Hagerstown, Maryland; and Pueblo, Colorado, were interviewed and examined. Arterial blood pressures were taken with a standardized zero-muddler in a standard fashion by a specially trained, experienced nurse. Casual urine specimens were collected and analyzed for their sodium and potassium content. The relationship between urinary sodium potassium and the sodium-to-potassium ratio and arterial blood pressure was calculated. Systolic and diastolic pressure increased with increasing levels of urinary sodium and the sodium-to-potassium ratio, and decreased with increasing levels of urinary potassium. The data suggest that dietary potassium provides some protection against the hypertensive effects of dietary sodium in humans as in animals.
Adult↗
Effects of preparation relief and flow channels on seating full coverage castings during cementation.
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Crowns↗
Tissue distribution of lead in the neonatal rat exposed to multiple doses of lead acetate.
The tissue distribution of lead (Pb) was examined in the neonatal rat intragastrically administered lead acetate (50 mg/kg, containing 210Pb) beginning on d 6 postpartum and thereafter at 3-d intervals to d 18. A time-dependent pattern of uptake was observed in bone, kidney, liver, and brain, while stomach, lung, heart, and spleen had no accumulation of Pb. The highest concentration of Pb at d 21 was detected in bone, and the least amount was found in blood and brain. Body weight was not significantly affected by the level of Pb exposure employed.
Animals↗