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Biomedical subjects

G D Foster

Publications and source records attributed to G D Foster.

102 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Comparative metabolism of nitroaromatic compounds in freshwater, brackish water and marine decapod crustaceans.

1. The metabolic pathways of p-nitroanisole, 4-nitro-m-cresol and methyl parathion in Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), ridgeback prawns (Sicyonia ingentis) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were compared. 2. The Malaysian prawns and ridgeback prawns were shown to O-demethylate 29% and 11%, respectively, of an accumulated level of p-nitroanisole, while crayfish were able to O-demethylate 98% of the accumulated level of nitroanisole. 4-Nitro-m-cresol oxidation was not detected in either prawn species. In contrast, 5-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde was the major metabolite formed from nitrocresol metabolism by crayfish. 3. Both prawn species readily dearylated methyl parathion to form p-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenyl conjugates. Crayfish displayed a similar trend in methyl parathion metabolism. 4. Nitroreduction was observed in the metabolism of 4-nitro-m-cresol by ridgeback prawns, which excreted 4-nitroso-m-cresol as a minor product. Reduction products were not observed in the metabolism of the three substrates by Malaysian prawns or crayfish. 5. Conjugation was overall the dominant detoxication pathway observed in the decapods. Malaysian prawns conjugated p-nitrophenol and 4-nitro-m-cresol to form the corresponding beta-D-glucosides and sulphate monoesters. Ridgeback prawns formed beta-D-glucosides in small quantities, preferring conjugation of p-nitrophenol and 4-nitro-m-cresol to form sulphates and unknown conjugates through a unique conjugation pathway. Crayfish conjugated the phenolic substrates to form exclusively the beta-glucosides. 6. The unknown conjugates formed by ridgeback prawns had chromatographic properties similar to the corresponding beta-D-glucosides but were refractory to the deconjugation by alpha- or beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, aryl sulphatase and beta-glucuronidase. Phenolic conjugation ability appeared to follow the order of ridgeback prawns greater than Malaysian prawns greater than crayfish.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1983

The Jenkins activity survey: does it measure psychopathology?

Previous studies have reached opposite conclusions concerning whether the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), a questionnaire measuring the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern, correlates positively with measures of psychopathology. The present study investigated this question by administering the JAS, the Minnesota Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to 85 subjects. No significant correlations were found between the JAS Type A scale and the four MMPI scales measuring neurotic functioning. The Type A scale did correlate significantly with other MMPI scales, but all correlations indicated an inverse relationship between Type A behavior and psychopathology. The Speed and Impatience subscale of the JAS correlated positively with both state and trait anxiety, as found in an earlier study. Results of the present study indicate that the factors assessed by the JAS scales are generally unrelated to factors assessed by traditional measures of psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Sexual deviations.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Homosexuality↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Obese women's perceptions of their physicians' weight management attitudes and practices.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Primary care physicians will see increasing numbers of patients with long-term weight management problems. OBJECTIVE: To examine obese women's perceptions of their physicians' weight management attitudes and practices. DESIGN AND SETTING: Women who participated in obesity trials at a university clinic completed a questionnaire that assessed their views of weight control provided by their primary care physician. PARTICIPANTS: The patients were 259 women whose age was 44.0 +/- 10.0 years; weight, 96.7 +/- 13.2 kg; and body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), 35.2 +/- 4.5 (all data given as mean +/- SD). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Using 7-point scales (1 indicates low; and 7, high), patients rated their satisfaction with care provided for their general health and that for their obesity. They also identified methods their physician recommended for weight management and the frequency of negative interactions with their physician concerning weight control. RESULTS: Participants were generally satisfied with the care they received for their general health and with their physicians' medical expertise (mean scores, 6. 1 and 6.2, respectively). They were significantly (P<.001) less satisfied with care for their obesity and with their physicians' expertise in this area (mean scores, 4.1 and 4.3, respectively). Almost 50% reported that their physician had not recommended any of 10 common weight loss methods, and 75% indicated they looked to their physician a "slight amount" or "not at all" for help with weight control. Only a small minority of patients (0.4%-8.0%) reported frequent, negative interactions with physicians concerning their weight. CONCLUSIONS: The last finding helps allay concerns that obese patients are routinely treated disrespectfully by physicians when discussing weight. The challenge, however, for primary care physicians appears to be providing patients better assistance with weight management.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Restrictive dieting vs. "undieting" effects on eating regulation in obese clinic attenders.

This study tested predictions from restraint theory [Herman & Polivy (1984). A boundary model for the regulation of eating. In: A. J. Stunkard, & E. Stellar (Eds.), Eating and its disorders (pp. 141-156) New York: Raven Press.] and the three-factor model of dieting [Psychol. Bull. 114 (1993) 100.] using an eating regulation paradigm. Participants were 42 obese, nonbinge eaters assigned to either a weight loss group (restrictive dieters or RDs) or a group designed to eliminate dieting ("undieters" or UDs). Participants took part in an ostensible ice cream taste test with or without a preload, both before and after the weight control intervention. At pretest, restraint theory's prediction that participants would engage in counter-regulatory eating was not supported. At posttest, after 8 weeks of the dieting interventions, RDs increased and UDs decreased their intake following a preload, a pattern most consistent with the predictions of restraint theory. This counter-regulatory trend was observed in spite of a significant decrease in RDs' Disinhibition scale scores following treatment. Implications of these findings for restraint theory, the three-factor model of dieting, and relapse in obesity treatment were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comprehensive treatment plan for obese children and adolescents: principles and practice.

The problem of obesity in children must be identified early and treated seriously. The long-term psychological, social, and medical consequences of childhood obesity can be quite serious. Behavior modification has shown new promise compared to the discouraging results of traditional approaches such as inpatient starvation, the use of appetite suppressants, and dietary counseling.

Adolescent↗