The continuing evolution and update of a literature search schema for consultation-liaison psychiatry: 1991.
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Database Management Systems↗
Biomedical subjects
G C Smith
Publications and source records attributed to G C Smith.
The brain and higher mental function.
Critical evaluation of biological theories of psychiatric disorder requires an understanding of current concepts of higher mental function and its related biology. Both the nature of the topic and the rapidity of advances in the field make it difficult to obtain an updated synthesis. Part I of this paper attempts to provide that by reviewing current concepts of the mind/body relationship, emotion, arousal, attention, consciousness and motivation. Part II considers those concepts in relation to recent work on the structure and function of the reticular, limbic and anterior cerebral systems. It is concluded that the model of the limbic system as subserving emotional life could now perhaps be set aside in favour of the model of a core set of chemically identified neurons in the reticular system being necessary but not sufficient to subserve higher mental function whilst also subserving other integrating functions for which no mental terminology is required. The problem of developing an eclectic theory of higher mental function that will embrace these concepts is discussed.
Animals↗
Concordance with recommendations in a consultation-liaison psychiatry service.
We studied the concordance of physicians with the recommendations of psychiatric consultants in a sample of 270 consultations in a 400-bed general hospital. Of the patients about whom a consultation was sought, 37% had a past psychiatric history, and 67% were on psychotropic drugs. Twelve percent had Organic Mental Disorder, 35% Affective Disorder, and for 24% no DSM-III diagnosis could be made. The psychiatrist made psychotropic drug recommendations in 62%, and the physicians' concordance with this recommendation was 86%. The physician's discharge summary included a diagnosis which concorded with the psychiatrist's diagnosis in 53% of files. The psychiatrist recommended further investigations in only 5.2% of files.
Adolescent↗
Problems identified by family caregivers in counseling.
Content analysis of the problems that caregiving daughters and daughters-in-law (N = 51) elected to work on during counseling yielded seven categories: improving coping skills, meeting elder's care needs, responding to family issues, concern over the caregiver-recipient relationship, eliciting formal and informal supports, feelings of inadequacy and guilt, and planning for elder's future. Two global themes of maintaining control and increasing responsibility within the caregiver role were also evident. Case examples illustrate problems, and practice implications are considered.
Counseling↗
Prostaglandin E2 and fetal oxygen tension synergistically inhibit response of isolated fetal rabbit ductus arteriosus to norepinephrine.
We wished to determine the effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the response of the ductus arteriosus to norepinephrine (NE) and whether any effect of PGE2 was influenced by O2 tension. The vessel was isolated from fetal New Zealand White rabbits and studied in vitro. The response to NE was assessed in terms of both sensitivity (pEC50) and maximum contractile response (MCR) as determined from cumulative concentration-response curves. PGE2 caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of ductal sensitivity to NE. This was maximal in nanomolar concentrations of PGE2, in which ductal sensitivity to NE was decreased by approximately 50 times. This action was only minimally potentiated by 3% O2 (simulating fetal O2 tension, PO2). PGE2 could also inhibit the MCR to NE, but this was entirely dependent on PO2. In 95% O2, PGE2 had no effect on the MCR to NE, whereas in fetal PO2, PGE2 decreased the MCR. This decrease was maximal in 1 nM PGE2, in which the MCR in 3% O2 was about one fifth the size of the MCR in 95% O2. In 1 nM nM PGE2, 10% O2 also largely abolished the inhibitory effect of PGE2 on ductal MCR to NE, indicating that this effect of O2 is also observed in the range of the physiologic increase of arterial PO2, tension that occurs at birth. PGE2 also inhibited ductal sensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, and potassium. We conclude that physiologic and therapeutic concentrations of PGE2 inhibit sensitivity of the ductus arteriosus to certain vasoconstrictors and can inhibit the maximum response to NE in fetal but not increased PO2.
Animals↗
Relationships between pork loin palatability traits and physical characteristics of cooked chops.
Pork loins (n = 72) were selected so that marbling scores would range from "practically devoid" to "abundant" in the longissimus muscle. Loin chops were cooked and rated by a trained six-member sensory panel. Physical and chemical characteristics were stratified according to marbling level (divided into 10 subclasses), muscle structure, shear force, overall palatability, and juiciness (each divided into three subclasses). The highest ratings for overall palatability were assigned to chops with high reflectance (685 nm), low moisture (70.1%), high i.m. fat (9.1%; or, high marbling score), low protein (19.4%), and low cooking loss (25.9%). Chops with the highest percentage of cooking loss were high in moisture content (75.59%), low in i.m. fat (1.78%), and high in protein content (21.54%). Differences in muscle structure, shear force, overall palatability, and juiciness were associated with differences in percentages of protein, moisture (whole tissue basis [WTB]) and fat (WTB). Pork loins with marbling between "practically devoid-plus" and "small" had (P less than .05) more protein and less fat (WTB) than loins with marbling scores between "modest" and "abundant." Loins with overall palatability ratings between 4.0 and 6.0 had more moisture and protein (P less than .05) than did loins with palatability ratings of 6.1 to 8.0. Selecting pork loins with "small" or less marbling, extremely open structure, a juicy rating of "slightly juicy," and an overall palatability rating of "like slightly" would identify fresh loins that had lower fat and(or) higher protein content.
Animals↗
Laboratory studies of a Brazilian strain of Aedes albopictus as a potential vector of Mayaro and Oropouche viruses.
The vector efficiency of colonized Aedes albopictus from Brazil was assessed for Mayaro (MAY) and Oropouche (ORO) viruses. Female mosquitoes, 3-4 days old, were fed on a MAY-infected hamster with a viremia level of 5.3 log10 Vero cell plaque-forming units (PFU) of virus/ml or an ORO-infected hamster circulating 7.3 log10 PFU/ml. Mayaro infection rates among fed mosquitoes were 16.9 and 11% at 6, 13 and 20 days postfeeding, respectively, and 1/2 and 2/2 infected mosquitoes transmitted virus on days 13 and 20, respectively. Only 13, 5 and 3% of mosquitoes were infected with ORO virus at 6, 13 and 20 days, respectively, and no transmission occurred. Mosquitoes were also fed on 3 dilutions of MAY virus-blood suspensions in membrane feeders. The infection rate among mosquitoes fed the highest concentration (7.7 log10 PFU/ml) was 11/13 (85%), and 5/11 (46%) infected mosquitoes transmitted virus.
Aedes↗
Psychiatric morbidity in parents of twins born after in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques.
A matched comparison was made of 158 parents of preschool twins conceived under three conditions; spontaneously, after infertility workup including drug treatment, and after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Indications of probable psychiatric caseness were obtained using the 60-item General Health Questionnaire. IVF parents' mean scores were similar to those of parents who spontaneously conceived, and both were significantly greater than those who conceived after an infertility workup. Mothers and fathers overall had similar scores, contrary to previous community findings of higher rates of psychiatric disorder among females. The prevalence of probable psychiatric caseness was less for IVF and spontaneously conceiving mothers, but greater for the respective fathers, than in an English community sample and greater than in an Australian community sample. The extent to which the self-reports of current psychiatric disturbance can be ascribed to any preexisting psychopathology is unknown. Indications of increased psychiatric disturbance found in this investigation warrant further prospective investigations, especially of the difficulties of rearing twins when couples are vulnerable in having this degree of psychiatric morbidity.
Australia↗
Post-extrasystolic potentiation in a human fetus detected during measurement of systolic time intervals in labour.
Measurement of the pre-ejection period (PEP), a non-invasive index of cardiac function, was made in a human fetus with a disturbance of cardiac rhythm manifested by: (i) intermittent mechanically ineffective extrasystoles (ventricular premature beats) and (ii) pauses. The mean interval between the sinus beats before and following extrasystoles was virtually the same as that before and following pauses. The PEP was shortened at the first sinus beat following both extrasystoles and pauses, but to a greater extent following extrasystoles. The PEP was still shortened at the second sinus beat following extrasystoles, but prolonged at the same cardiac cycle following pauses. These data demonstrate that fetal cardiac post-extrasystolic potentiation was taking place and that this was due in part to inotropic potentiation of the post-extrasystolic beats. Inotropic potentiation of post-extrasystolic beats is due to a fundamental property of cardiac muscle relating frequency of stimulation to strength of contraction (the so-called 'force-interval' relationship). Our data present the first evidence, to our knowledge, that the inotropic state of the human fetal heart in vivo is modulated by this mechanism.
Cardiac Complexes, Premature↗
Effectiveness of individual counseling by professional and peer helpers for family caregivers of the elderly.
This study of the effectiveness of individual counseling for daughters and daughters-in-law (N = 87) who were the primary caregivers for frail elderly parents revealed that participants who received professional counseling demonstrated significantly better outcomes than a no-treatment control group in regard to subjective well-being, level of psychiatric symptomatology, and perceived change in aspects of the caregiver-care-receiver relationship. Participants who received peer counseling demonstrated similar gains but did not improve significantly more than did control subjects in subjective well-being. Both forms of counseling had no significant effect on caregivers' formal and informal social support networks.
Aging↗
The five year school medical--time for change.
School medical records of 1000 children born in 1981 were studied retrospectively. They showed that once known medical problems and those screened for by the school nurse (hearing, vision, growth) were excluded, only 17 problems requiring treatment were discovered: speech (n = 10), development (n = 3), undescended testes (n = 3), and phimosis (n = 1). This indicates that routine screening by a nurse, backed up by selective medical examination by the school doctor, is efficient and effective.
Child, Preschool↗
Vector competence of Aedes albopictus for a newly recognized Bunyavirus from mosquitoes collected in Potosi, Missouri.
The vector competence of a Kentucky strain of Aedes albopictus was assessed for a newly recognized Bunyavirus isolated from Ae. albopictus collected in Potosi, Missouri. Females are susceptible to peroral infection and 44.7% became infected after ingesting about 15 Vero cell plaque-forming units (PFU) of virus. Virus replicated and reached average titers of 10(5.4)-10(6.0) PFU/mosquito by day 7 postfeeding. Fourteen (40%) of 35 females tested in an in vitro virus transmission experiment were infected, and 3 (21.4%) of the infected females transmitted virus. There was no evidence of vertical transmission among 1,196 progeny of a group of mothers exposed to infection perorally or among 6,635 progeny of mothers infected by parenteral inoculation. The absence or infrequency of vertical transmission suggests that the virus was not introduced into Missouri via infected Ae. albopictus eggs. Nonetheless, Ae. albopictus is a competent vector of this virus and we provide the first experimental evidence for incriminating Ae. albopictus as a vector in a natural arbovirus transmission cycle in the United States.
Aedes↗
Comparative effectiveness of individual and group interventions to support family caregivers.
The comparative effectiveness of individual and group interventions in supporting family caregivers of frail older people was examined. An individual intervention produced more positive effects on caregiver psychological functioning and well-being than did a group intervention, whereas a group intervention produced greater improvements in caregivers' social supports. Participants in both interventions experienced significant improvements in coping with caregiving stress. Process differences are proposed as an explanation for the differential effects of the two intervention modalities. Psychological issues respond best to individual intervention, and social support issues respond best to group intervention. Therefore, the most appropriate type of intervention might be determined by the types of problems and issues specific to an individual caregiver.
Counseling↗
Lean beef: impetus for lipid modifications.
Health-conscious consumers want lean beef. The beef industry has responded by physically removing much of the adipose tissue from retail products and by initiating attempts to produce--genetically and environmentally--cattle with more muscle, less external fat, and less seam fat, without sacrificing the quality dependent on the amount of marbling present. Offering lean beef that is closely or completely trimmed of external fat has improved retail beef sales. Impetus for modification of the lipid composition of bovine muscle and adipose tissue, including marbling, has resulted from the following: (a) diet/health concerns of consumers and demands for leaner beef, (b) research clarifying effects of dietary fatty acids and cholesterol on serum cholesterol levels, (c) dietary guidelines and recommendations from health organizations, and (d) dietary recommendations by physicians and dietitians to reduce beef consumption. Analysis of cholesterol content of marbling dissected from the rib (longissimus dorsi) muscle revealed that marbling contributes little to total cholesterol content. Cholesterol content of marbling was 117 mg/100 gm intramuscular adipose tissue (equivalent to about a 2 mg cholesterol contribution to a 100-gm serving of uncooked meat). The difference in fatty acid composition of lean meat and of adipose tissue is primarily in the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is higher in lean meat. The most prevalent fatty acids in adipose tissue including marbling were: palmitic acid (24.1%), stearic acid (13.5%), and oleic acid (37.7%).
Adipose Tissue↗
Analysis of plasma protein and lipoprotein synthesis in long-term primary cultures of baboon hepatocytes maintained in serum-free medium.
The analysis of lipoprotein synthesis and secretion in primary hepatocytes has been restricted by the short-term viability and low proliferative response of hepatocytes in vitro. During this investigation a serum-free medium formulation was developed that supports long-term maintenance (greater than 70 d) and active proliferation of primary baboon hepatocytes. Examination of proliferating cells by electron microscopy revealed a distinctive hepatocyte ultrastructure including intercellular bile canaliculi and numerous surface microvilli. High levels of secreted apolipoproteins A-I and E were detected in the tissue culture medium by gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis. Immunoprecipitation of proteins from [35S]-methionine labeled tissue culture medium revealed the synthesis and secretion of numerous plasma proteins. Metabolic labeling of cells with [35S]-methionine followed by single-spin density gradient flotation of the media demonstrated that apolipoproteins were being secreted in the form of lipoprotein particles with buoyant densities corresponding to the very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein range, and to the high density lipoprotein range. The labeled apolipoproteins included Bh, E, and A-I. This system for primary hepatocyte culture should prove very useful in future investigations on the regulation of lipoprotein production by hepatocytes.
Animals↗
The natural history of left ventricular thrombus in myocardial infarction: a rationale in support of masterly inactivity.
One hundred five unselected and consecutive patients were prospectively studies after acute transmural myocardial infarction to assess the incidence of mural thrombus formation and to relate the presence of thrombus to patient outcome in terms of systemic embolic events, functional class and survival. In 87 patients, optimal quality two-dimensional echocardiographic studies were obtained and were repeated at daily intervals to detect mural thrombus formation. The site of infarction was anterior in 53 patients and inferior in 34. On admission, all patients received subcutaneous heparin and antiplatelet agents (aspirin, dipyridamole); none received full anticoagulant therapy. Left ventricular mural thrombus was visualized between 2 and 11 days (median 6) after the clinical onset of infarction in 21 (40%) of the 53 patients with anterior infarction. No patients with inferior infarction had echocardiographic evidence of thrombus formation. During follow-up of 22 to 51 months (mean 39), none of the 21 patients with mural thrombus had clinical evidence of systemic embolism. One patient with inferior and one with anterior infarction had a cerebral embolus 7 days and 9 months, respectively, after the acute event, but neither of these patients had echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular thrombus at any stage. Echocardiography performed at 1 and 2 years of follow-up showed persistent evidence of thrombus in only 8 (31%) and 5 (24%) of the 21 patients, respectively. On admission, the functional class of patients with anterior myocardial infarction and thrombus was similar to that of patients without ventricular thrombus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Anticoagulants↗
Changes in food intake and stomach contents of tumor-bearing rats after treatment with dopamine antagonists.
The appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) potential of the peripheral dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist domperidone was compared with that of the central DA antagonist pimozide in anorexic, tumor-bearing rats. DA antagonists were administered via the intraperitoneal route on Days 7-15 after the subcutaneous implantation of the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. The doses of domperidone injected were 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg once daily and 0.1 mg/kg twice daily. The dose of pimozide given was 0.1 mg/kg daily. While all doses of DA antagonists caused an initial drop in body weight and food intake, the body weight of pimozide-injected animals was not reduced significantly (in the early stages of drug treatment) as it was with the various doses of domperidone. There was significantly more food in the stomachs of domperidone- and pimozide-treated animals compared with those of the vehicle-treated, tumor-bearing animals at the time of sacrifice. These results indicate that short- and long-term satiety factors, in addition to gastric motility, should be considered when assessing the orexigenic potential of various drugs.
Animals↗
Gifts-in-kind help hospitals to tame budgets.
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Charities↗