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Biomedical subjects

G C Raju

Publications and source records attributed to G C Raju.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Breast cancer in West Indian women in Trinidad.

A retrospective review of breast cancer in West Indian women in Trinidad is presented. Breast cancer constituted 17% of all cancers diagnosed and represented 26% of all cancers in females. The usual presenting symptom was a painless lump. The right breast and the upper outer quadrant were the common site of cancer. 85% of the patients were multiparous with an average of 4 children and 92% of them breast fed. Most patients presented in stage I disease, but a significant number of cases were in an advanced stage of the disease. Infiltrating duct carcinoma was the most frequent histological diagnosis and lobular carcinoma was seen in 1% of the cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Immunohistochemical demonstration of renin in the endometrium.

Increased levels of plasma prorenin, an inactive form of renin, and renin were demonstrated during normal menstrual cycles and the source of this enzyme was thought to be the ovary. To demonstrate that endometrium may produce renin, an immunohistochemistry for human renin was used in this study. Renin containing cells either in the glands or in the stroma were demonstrated in 5 of 20 sections of endometria. Since a product of renin, angiotensin II has been found to have angiogenic properties and may have a role in repair process, we postulate that renin containing cells present only in proliferative phase endometria may be involved in repair or regeneration of the endometrium.

Endometrium↗
PubMed1988

Lectin expression in carcinoid tumours of the gastrointestinal tract.

The binding of peroxidase-conjugated Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Lotus tetragonolobus, and Bandeiraea simplicifolia I (BSAI) to gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours was studied. The results indicate that carcinoid tumour cells express certain carbohydrates similar to those present in the adjacent surface epithelium. The differences in the lectin-binding properties of carcinoid tumours of different sites of the gastrointestinal tract are closely related to the regional differences in the lectin binding of adjacent surface epithelium. These observations therefore form a useful basis for further studies in the application of lectin histochemistry to elucidate the histogenesis of carcinoid tumours.

Appendiceal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1988

The expression and localization of amylase in normal and malignant glands of the endometrium and endocervix.

Amylase activity was studied in 70 specimens of normal endometrium, 21 normal endocervices, 19 endometrial carcinomas, and 20 endocervical adenocarcinomas. Amylase was observed in the secretory (8.7 per cent) but not in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. It is possible that the presence of amylase activity may serve a functional role in the degradation of glycogen to glucose in the secretory endometrium. The great majority (90.5 per cent) of uterine cervices showed strong and extensive staining of the endocervical glands for amylase. No glycogen was demonstrated and the role of amylase in endocervical glands remains obscure. Amylase was observed in one (5.3 per cent) out of 19 cases of endometrial carcinoma, and the presence of this enzyme may be considered a eutopic rather than an ectopic expression. Amylase was not detected in any of the endocervical adenocarcinomas examined. This study has shown a complete loss of amylase activity in malignant transformation of endocervical glands and this could be attributable to the immature nature of de-differentiated neoplastic cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Lectin binding in the male breast.

Twenty-four male breast lesions including ten normal, ten gynaecomastia, and four infiltrating carcinomas were studied for the presence and distribution of lectin binding carbohydrates. For comparison, tissue sections of five normal female breast lesions, ten each of fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma, and carcinoma, were also included in this study. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were tested with Glycine maximus (SBA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Concanavalia ensiformis (Con A), Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), and Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BSAI). The lectin-binding patterns were similar in normal, gynaecomastia, and carcinoma, and were not pathognomonic to any male breast lesion. These lectin reactive patterns in the male breast appear to be similar to those reported for the female breast lesions.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1988

Elastosis in the male breast.

Elastosis, a common finding in infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinomas of the female breast, has also been described in a variety of other benign and malignant lesions. However, elastosis has not been previously documented in male breast lesions. Ten cases of gynaecomastia and five neoplastic lesions of the male breast were evaluated for elastosis. In gynaecomastia, elastosis is a feature of the ducts surrounded by collagenized fibrous tissue but not of ducts with loose connective tissue stroma. This association is also evident to some extent in neoplastic lesions. These findings suggest that elastosis is an expression of periductal fibrosis irrespective of the nature of the lesion.

Breast↗
PubMed1988

Expression of the cytokeratin marker CAM 5.2 in cervical neoplasia.

It has been suggested that cytokeratin CAM 5.2 is a useful marker to indicate malignant transformation and invasive potential in cervical neoplasia. In this study we examined normal ectocervical epithelium, endocervical squamous metaplasia, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive carcinoma by the indirect immunoperoxidase method using commercially available CAM 5.2. Positive staining was seen in 12 of 42 (28%) invasive carcinomas and in 2 of 26 specimens of CIN III. No positive staining was observed in any case of CIN II (22 specimens), CIN I (19), squamous metaplasia (21) or normal ectocervical epithelium (16). These results suggest that although CAM 5.2 expression is found in only 28% of cervical squamous carcinoma, it is highly specific for malignant transformation of cervical squamous epithelium. In view of its potential diagnostic value in doubtful cases of CIN III and squamous cell carcinoma, the specificity and sensitivity of CAM 5.2 expression in cervical neoplasia need to be examined in other laboratories under various processing schedules.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1988

Expression of IgA and secretory component in the normal and in adenocarcinomas of Fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix.

The occurrence and localization of IgA and secretory components (SC) were examined in the normal and in adenocarcinomas of Fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix. IgA-containing immunocytes were identified in the stroma of 90% of normal Fallopian tubes. It is suggested that the Fallopian tube may have an immunological function and may, together with the endocervix, constitute the local secretory immune system of the female genital tract. IgA and SC were frequently demonstrated in the cytoplasm and luminal secretion of adenocarcinomas of the endocervix, endometrium and Fallopian tube. This study has shown a decrease in immunoreactivity of SC among poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas but has failed to demonstrate any correlation between the expression of IgA and the degree of differentiation of the tumours. Secretory component appears, therefore, to be more useful than IgA as an indicator of secretory activity and differentiation of adenocarcinomas of the female genital tract.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Adenomyosis uteri: a study of 416 cases.

Adenomyosis was noted in 16% of 2,616 consecutive hysterectomy specimens examined during a 7-year period. Multiparas between the ages of 30 and 50 years were most commonly affected. Abnormal uterine bleeding was the common symptom. Myohyperplasia and leiomyomas were the usual associated lesions. Adenomyosis uteri was seen equally in women of African, Indian and mixed races in this West Indian population.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours: histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

The histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical features of twenty gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours are presented. Histologically, the foregut and hindgut carcinoids showed trabecular pattern and midgut carcinoid tumours usually showed insular type of growth. Histochemically, using the silver stains by the Grimelius and Masson-Fontana techniques, most (18 cases) were argyrophilic and 8 were argentaffin positive. Two appendiceal carcinoids were non-reactive. Mucin positivity was noted in a case of mucin producing carcinoid of the appendix. Immunohistochemistry for wide spectrum keratin, cytokeratin PKK1, carcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament and S-100 protein revealed epithelial and neural characteristics of carcinoid tumour cells. Wide spectrum keratin was positive in 12 while cytokeratin PKKI was negative in all. Carcinoembryonic antigen positivity was noted in 8 cases. Neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivity was seen in 18 cases whereas neurofilament was negative. S-100 protein positive cells were observed in close contact with and/or intermingled with tumour cells but the tumour cells themselves were negative. Immunoreactivity for somatostatin was seen in 8 cases, glucagon in three, and corticotrophin, insulin and gastrin in one case each. More than one hormone expression was noted in three cases, one each of gastric, appendiceal and rectal carcinoid tumours. These findings suggest that carcinoid tumours may develop from an uncommitted cell native to the site of tumour and differentiates along one or more directions, and the immunohistochemical findings and secretory profile of these tumour cells depend upon the direction of their differentiation.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗
PubMed1988

Intussusception in infancy and childhood.

Intussusception is the commonest cause of intestinal obstruction in childhood in Trinidad. A review of 94 consecutive cases seen at the General Hospital, Port-of-Spain, over a 12-year period (1974-1985) indicates that there had been a very rapid increase in incidence of intussusception in the last 4 years. The majority were under 1 year of age (87%) and there was a predominance in the Negro child (62%). Male to female ratio was 1.2:1. A high misdiagnosis rate (55%) lead to inappropriate treatment and delay in surgical intervention. This resulted in a high case fatality (6.4%) and complication rate. In order to minimize morbidity and mortality from intussusception steps must be taken to ensure earlier diagnosis and treatment.

Cecal Diseases↗
PubMed1987

Villous adenoma of female urethra.

Villous adenoma of the female urethra is extremely rare. We present one such case and compare with only other case reported in the literature.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1987

Granular cell tumours of the vulva.

Granular cell tumours occur in a variety of sites, including the vulva. Origins from myogenic, histiocytic, fibroblastic and neurogenic elements have been proposed. Female preponderance suggests that oestrogenic hormones are involved. Seven cases of granular cell tumours of the vulva have been studied. In none was the correct diagnosis made preoperatively. They were solitary lesions and local excision was curative. Paraffin sections of these cases were studied by peroxidase-antiperoxidase method for myoglobin, lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin and S-100 protein localization. Antimyoglobin, antilysozyme and anti-alpha-1-antitrypsin antibodies were not localized in these tumours; however, S-100 protein was localized in all of them. These results agree with previous data that suggest a neurogenic origin for granular cell tumours.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Recurrent gastric outlet obstruction due to an inguinal hernia.

Although gastric strangulation in an inguinal hernia has been reported on three previous occasions, recurrent gastric outlet obstruction due to this hernia has not been previously documented. Prolonged traction on the distal stomach by omentum and transverse colon can draw the antrum and pylorus into the hernia and produce gastric outlet obstruction.

Hernia, Inguinal↗