Esmolol and clonidine--a possible interaction.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to G C Fisher.
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The effect of an assessment dose of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil was studied in 20 patients in an intensive care unit. The patients had been sedated with alfentanil and midazolam, and were ready to be weaned from mechanical ventilation. In 10 patients flumazenil was titrated just to produce full arousal whilst the midazolam infusion was continued; flumazenil administration was repeated one hour later after the infusion of midazolam had been stopped. In another 10 patients, flumazenil was administered only once, coinciding with the cessation of sedation. The duration of full arousal in both groups was less than 15 minutes in 75% of patients given a single dose of flumazenil (median dose 0.4 mg) although some effect persisted for up to 60 minutes. The cardiovascular effects of arousal were transient and probably not clinically significant. A brief duration of action is advantageous if the patient is found still to require sedation.
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Patients who underwent peripheral arterial surgery had anaesthesia maintained with an infusion of midazolam. They were allowed either to recover spontaneously or to have the effects of midazolam reversed by flumazenil at the end of surgery. This study demonstrated that the cardiovascular responses to arousal using flumazenil are no different from those seen when the patient is allowed to recover in the normal way. This result has obvious advantages for clinical practice but the dangers of resedation must not be forgotten.
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A venturi powered device for the generation of continuous positive airways pressure has been assessed. Some of its functional characteristics appear to be ideal, but the oxygen concentration and adequacy of flows require checking after each adjustment. A positive pressure relief valve and an inlet valve are necessary for the safe use of the system and an airway pressure monitor is recommended.
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