Selected fructooligosaccharide composition of pet-food ingredients.
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Animal Feed↗
Biomedical subjects
G C Fahey
Publications and source records attributed to G C Fahey.
Raw and rendered animal by-products as ingredients in dog diets.
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Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
Effects of species raw material source, ash content, and processing temperature on amino acid digestibility of animal by-product meals by cecectomized roosters and ileally cannulated dogs.
We conducted experiments to determine amino acid (AA) digestibility of nine animal by-product meals using precision-fed cecectomized roosters and ileally cannulated dogs. The products initially evaluated in roosters were meat and bone meals (MBM) containing 24 or 34% ash, poultry by-product meals (PBP) containing 7 or 16% ash, lamb meals (LM) containing 15 or 24% ash, a LM analog containing a mixture of LM and turkey meal, and two MBM processed at either a low or high temperature. The MBM and PBP differing in ash, low-ash LM, and low-temperature MBM then were incorporated into extruded dry dog foods and evaluated in cecectomized roosters and ileally cannulated dogs. True digestibility of total AA in roosters averaged 76% for the nine meals fed alone, with the low-temperature MBM being highest at 84% and the low-ash LM being lowest at 66% (P < .05). No consistent differences in rooster AA digestibility were observed between pairs of meals differing in ash content. Digestibilities of AA were higher in the low-temperature MBM than in the high-temperature MBM. Differences in rooster AA digestibility values among the six extruded dog foods containing selected animal meals were similar to those observed when the animal meals were fed alone. The ileally cannulated dog assay yielded results for AA digestibilities that were highly correlated (r = .87 to .92) with those of the rooster assay, whereby the high-ash MBM and low-temperature MBM foods had the highest mean AA digestibility at 82% and the low-ash LM food had the lowest mean AA digestibility at 62% (P < .05). Again, no consistent differences in AA digestibilities for dogs were observed between pairs of dog foods containing MBM or PBP differing in ash content. Results of this study indicated that processing temperature influenced AA digestibility of MBM, but species raw material source and ash content had no consistent effect on AA digestibility. Results also indicated that the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay could be used to predict differences in AA digestibility among animal by-product meals for dogs.
Amino Acids↗
Selected lignosulfonate fractions affect growth performance, digestibility, and cecal and colonic properties in rats.
We determined the effects of lignosulfonate (LS) on nutrient digestibility and on hindgut fermentation characteristics using 80 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a control diet or a diet containing 3% (dry matter basis) of seven selected LS fractions. Lignosulfonate fractions were divided into three categories: two fractionated whole calcium spent sulfite liquors (CaSSL) and one low-molecular-weight permeate of CaSSL designated as WholeLS 1, 2, and 3, respectively; two extracted sodium LS (NaLS) fractions denoted as HighLS 1 and 2 (high percentage of NaLS); and two concentrated sugar solutions designated as LowLS 1 and 2 (low percentage of NaLS). All diets containing LS were less digestible (P < .001) than the control diet. Lignosulfonate treatment had a variable effect on short-chain fatty acid concentration except for LowLS 1, which tended to enhance butyrate concentration. Cecal organ weights were greater (P < .001) for LS treatments, but there was no difference in colonic organ weights. All cecal and colonic pH values, except the cecal pH for HighLS 2, were lower (P < .001) for LS treatment groups. Colonic Bifidobacterium increased (P < .005) with WholeLS 1 and 3 and HighLS 2 treatments. Cecal Lactobacillus levels were increased (P < .001) by WholeLS 1 and 2, LowLS 2, and HighLS 2. Results show that ingestion of selected LS fractions can modify digestive physiology and gastrointestinal tract characteristics of rats.
Animal Feed↗
Metabolic characteristics of healthy adult males as affected by ingestion of a liquid nutritional formula containing fish oil, oligosaccharides, gum arabic and antioxidant vitamins.
n-3 Fatty acids from fish oil and short-chain fatty acids produced from fermentation of oligosaccharides may attenuate a portion of gut injury and inflammation associated with ulcerative colitis. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an enteral nutritional formula containing supplemental oligosaccharides, gum arabic and fish oil on serum metabolite profiles, haematology, plasma and red blood cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid profiles, urinary constituent, and safety in healthy human adult males. 30 subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatments, a control formula (n = 10) and an ulcerative colitis nutritional formula (UCNF; n = 20). Formulas contained comparable levels of protein, fat and non-structural carbohydrates. Daily intake of the formulas provided nutrients to meet or exceed the recommended daily allowance. Intake was recorded daily while blood and urine samples were collected weekly on days 0, 7 and 14. Certain subjects consuming large quantities of the UCNF experienced some abdominal distention, gas and loose stools. Sole source intake of the UCNF was safe over 14 days as assessed by routine measurements of serum metabolite profiles, haematology and urinalysis compared with subjects fed the control formula. Substantial decreases in plasma and red blood cell phospholipid 18:2n-6 and increases in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 within 1 wk of feeding the UCNF were noted.
Adult↗
Selected indigestible oligosaccharides affect large bowel mass, cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acids, pH and microflora in rats.
Certain indigestible oligosaccharides may benefit gastrointestinal tract health via fermentation and proliferation of desirable bacterial species. The purpose of this study was to elucidate effects of selected oligosaccharides on cecal and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration, pH, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and gut microbiota levels in rats. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: 1) control diet; 2) control diet + 5% microcrystalline cellulose (5% CC); 3) control diet + 5% CC + 6% fructooligosaccharides; 4) control diet + 5% CC + 6% oligofructose; or 5) control diet + 5% CC + 6% xylooligosaccharides. The control diet consisted of (dry matter basis) 20% protein, 65% carbohydrate, 10.5% fat, vitamin and mineral mixes. The duration of the study was 14 d. The oligofructose- and fructooligosaccharide-containing diets resulted in higher cecal butyrate concentrations compared with the control, cellulose and xylooligosaccharide diets. Generally, total cecal SCFA pools were higher while pH was lower from ingesting oligosaccharide-containing diets compared with control or cellulose diets. Cecal total weight and wall weight were higher from oligosaccharide consumption, whereas colonic total wet weight was higher for rats consuming xylooligosaccharides compared with other treatments; colon wall weight was unaffected by treatments. Cecal bifidobacteria and total anaerobes were higher whereas total aerobes were lower in rats fed oligosaccharide diets compared with those fed the control diet. Cecal lactobacilli levels were unaffected by treatment. Dietary incorporation of fermentable, indigestible oligosaccharides, by providing SCFA, lowering pH, and increasing bifidobacteria, may be beneficial in improving gastrointestinal health.
Animals↗
An enteral formula containing fish oil, indigestible oligosaccharides, gum arabic and antioxidants affects plasma and colonic phospholipid fatty acid and prostaglandin profiles in pigs.
Evidence supports a pathogenic role of arachidonic acid-derived inflammatory mediators within the gastrointestinal tract of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an ulcerative colitis nutritional formula (UCNF) containing oligosaccharides, fish oil, gum arabic and antioxidants on plasma and colonic phospholipid fatty acid and prostaglandin profiles in pigs. Twenty-four growing barrows in two replications were equally randomized among four killing times (d 0, 7, 14 and 21), and one of two diets, a control and the UCNF. Diets contained comparable levels of protein, fat, and nonstructural carbohydrate and met 100% of the energy requirements of the pig. Intake and body weight were recorded daily while blood, urine and tissue samples were collected at time of kill. Within 1 wk of ingestion of the UCNF, the composition of plasma phospholipid fatty acids showed an increase in 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) (P < 0.0001) and a decrease in 20:4(n-6) and 18:2(n-6) (P < 0.0001). Similar effects were observed for the phospholipids in the colonic and cecal mucosa. Plasma prostaglandin E was unaffected by treatment, whereas thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha levels were significantly decreased after 7 d of UCNF ingestion. Ingestion of the UCNF resulted in a suppression in the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins by cecal and colonic mucosal cells. Levels of colonic and cecal prostaglandin E, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 were significantly decreased after 7 d of UCNF ingestion. These changes may have been mediated by rapid increases of (n-3) fatty acids into cellular phospholipids. Dietary supplementation with the UCNF may prove beneficial for patients with ulcerative colitis by modulating colonic prostaglandin synthesis.
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
Dietary fiber decreases the metabolizable energy content and nutrient digestibility of mixed diets fed to humans.
Food labeling regulations implemented by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration emphasize nutrient composition and energy content of foods. Dietary energy and digestibility of complex foods can be affected by the content and type of dietary fiber. The metabolizable energy (ME) content and apparent digestibility of dietary fiber in human diets are difficult to assess. Fiber can affect the digestibility of fat and protein and, subsequently, the ME content of the diet. This study was conducted to measure the ME content of nine diets with different fat and fiber concentrations. Diets varied in level of fat (18, 34 or 47% of energy) and level of total dietary fiber (3, 4 or 7% of diet dry matter) and were consumed for 2 wk. Subjects (n = 17) consumed three diets (14 d for each diet) containing different levels of fiber and one level of fat. Food consumption was measured and all urine and feces were collected during a 5-d period. Combustible energy, protein, fat, total dietary fiber (TDF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were measured in composite samples of food and feces, and urine was analyzed for combustible energy and nitrogen. Metabolizable energy and apparent digestibility coefficients were calculated. Overall, increasing fiber intake decreased fat and protein digestibility. As a consequence of these interactions, the ME content of the diets decreased as fiber intake increased, and TDF and NDF had similar effects on the ME value. A published empirical formula accurately predicted the ME content of diets using either TDF or NDF.
Adult↗
The effects of chemical treatment of whole canola seed on lipid and protein digestion by steers.
Five Angus x Simmental steers (average BW 259 kg) cannulated in the rumen, proximal duodenum, and terminal ileum were fed five diets in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Experimental periods were 14 d in length, with 10 d of diet adaptation and 4 d of sample collection. The basal diet contained (percentage of diet DM) ammoniated corn cobs (50%), alfalfa hay (22%), cornstarch grits (13%), corn (6.7%), cane molasses (5%), and urea (1.25%). Three canola seed-containing diets and a diet containing Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) were formulated by replacing cornstarch grits from the basal diet with the test feedstuffs. Whole canola seed untreated, crushed, or treated with a caustic alkaline solution and an oxidant were included at 10% of diet DM. The Ca-LCFA diet contained (percentage of diet DM) canola meal (5%) and Megalac (5%). Diets containing untreated, crushed, and treated canola seed and Ca-LCFA contained, on average, 5.6% more total fatty acids than the basal diet. Steers were fed 5.3 kg DM/d (2.05% of initial BW) in 12 equal portions (every 2 h). Ruminal fermentation characteristics and digestibilities of OM, GE, N, NDF, and ADF were unaffected (P > .05) by diet. Biohydrogenation of total 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids was greater (P < .05) for steers fed the crushed canola seed-containing diet (72.0%) than for steers fed the untreated (27.9%) and treated (38.6%) canola seed-containing diets. Digestibility of total 18-carbon fatty acids in the small intestine was greater for steers fed the crushed canola seed (58.9% of duodenal flow) rather than the untreated canola seed (28.4% of duodenal flow) and intermediate for steers fed the treated canola seed (47.0% of duodenal flow). Chemical treatment of whole canola seed may be a viable method for the postruminal delivery of intestinally available unsaturated fatty acids to ruminants.
Animals↗
The effects of chemical treatment of whole canola seed on intake, nutrient digestibilities, milk production, and milk fatty acids of Holstein cows.
To determine the effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment of whole canola seed on milk fatty acid composition, 12 multiparous lactating Holstein cows (618 kg, 47 d in milk) were fed total mixed rations in a replicated (3) 4 x 4 Latin square designed experiment. The control diet contained no supplemental fat source. Canola seed (11.2%), either crushed or treated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide or Megalac (5.6%) were supplemental fat sources in the crushed, treated, and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) dietary treatments. Experimental periods consisted of 28 d, with 21 d of adaptation to diets and 7 d for data collection. Cows were offered ad libitum access to feed. Intakes, ruminal characteristics, and total tract apparent digestibilities were measured and are discussed. Production of milk and 4% fat-corrected milk were not different among treatment groups (average 35.0 and 32.8 kg/d, respectively). Milk fat percentages were greater (P = .02) for cows fed treated canola seed or Ca-LCFA than for cows fed crushed canola seed (average 3.71 vs 3.43%, respectively), but milk fat yield (kg/d) was unaffected. Cows fed fat-supplemented diets had lower milk protein percentages than cows fed the control diet. Within the fat-supplemented diet groups, cows fed crushed canola seed had greater milk protein percentages (P = .01) and yields (P < .01) than cows fed treated canola or Ca-LCFA. Milk fat from cows fed diets supplemented with canola seed (treated or crushed) had lower proportions of 14:0 and 16:0 and greater proportions of 18:0 and 18:1 than milk fat from cows fed the control or Ca-LCFA diets. Intakes, milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profiles substantiate that treated canola seed was utilized by cows to an extent similar to that of crushed canola seed. Further definition of the method for treatment of canola seed may provide a strategy for adding higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids to lactation diets to produce favorable alterations in milk fat composition.
Animals↗
Raw and rendered animal by-products as ingredients in dog diets.
Approximately 25 to 40% of the DM in premium dog diets is animal by-product. However, limited information is available regarding the composition and digestibility of these by-products, especially small intestinal digestibility. The effects of raw and rendered animal by-products incorporated into dog diets on nutrient digestion at the ileum and in the total tract were studied in this experiment. Diets fed contained various animal by-products including a rendered beef meat and bone meal (RMBM); fresh beef (FB); poultry by-product meal (PBPM); fresh poultry (FP); a plant-based control protein source, defatted soy flour (DS); and an animal-based control protein source, dehydrated whole egg (WE). The diets were extruded and kibbled. By-products varied widely in concentrations of OM, CP, amino acids, and fat. Nutrient intakes were numerically higher for FB than for all other treatments. All nutrient intakes were higher (P < .03) for the FB treatment than for the RMBM treatment. Digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, fat, and GE at the ileum were higher (P < .06) when dogs were fed diets containing FP than when fed diets containing PBPM. Amino acids were highly digestible at the ileum; however, digestibilities of all amino acids except cystine were higher (P < .04) for the diets incorporating FP vs PBPM. Total tract digestion was different among treatments for DM (P < .02), OM (P < .01), and GE (P < .02), and diets containing animal by-products were similar in total tract digestibility, greater than the DS control, and lower than the WE control. Rendering of poultry, but not beef, seemed to have a slight negative influence on small intestinal, but not total tract, digestibility by dogs.
Amino Acids↗
Hemicellulose does not affect iron bioavailability in chicks.
Two iron repletion experiments using hemoglobin as a response criterion were conducted to assess effects of hemicelluloses on iron bioavailability to chicks. In Experiment 1, iron bioavailability from intact fiber sources was determined by adding tomato pomace (14.6% hemicelluloses), soybean hulls (20.6% hemicelluloses), beet pulp (21.5% hemicelluloses), orchard grass (24.1% hemicelluloses) and corn fiber (55.2% hemicelluloses) to a casein dextrose basal diet providing 0.4-4.1% hemicelluloses to the diet. Test foods were analyzed for iron, total dietary fiber, neutral detergent residue, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, pectins and uronic acids. Hemicelluloses were determined by the difference of neutral detergent residue minus acid detergent fiber. Iron bioavailability was determined by the standard curve method to be (percent relative to ferrous sulfate using hemoglobin as the response criterion) as follows: tomato pomace, 82.0; soybean hulls, 94.0; beet pulp, 26.5; orchard grass, 68.9; corn fiber, 69.4. Iron bioavailability was not related to hemicellulose content of test foods or diets. In Experiment 2, the effect of psyllium husk (a fiber source that contains predominantly hemicelluloses) on iron bioavailability from ferrous sulfate was assessed. Bioavailability was determined by the slope ratio method where treatments consisted of graded levels of ferrous sulfate in the presence and absence of 5% dietary psyllium. Although iron intrinsic to psyllium was unavailable, bioavailability of ferrous sulfate iron was not affected (P > 0.05) by the presence of psyllium. Thus, there was no clear effect of hemicelluloses on iron bioavailability. However, some feeds that contained high levels of hemicelluloses had low intrinsic iron bioavailabilities, suggesting that other dietary factors are primarily responsible for determining iron bioavailability from these feed components.
Aging↗
Digestion responses to low oligosaccharide soybean meal by ileally-cannulated dogs.
We investigated digestion responses to conventional and low oligosaccharide soybean meal (SBM) incorporation into diets for dogs. Five female dogs were fitted with T-type cannulas at the terminal ileum and fed five diets in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Corn grain + poultry meal-based diets containing different levels and types of SBM (0% SBM, 18.55% conventional SBM, 18.55% low oligosaccharide SBM, 37.1% conventional SBM, 37.1% low oligosaccharide SBM) were formulated. Each period consisted of 11 d (7-d diet adaptation; 4-d collection of ileal digesta and feces). Intakes of DM, OM, CP, fat, and GE were not affected (P > .10) by treatment. Higher (P < .01) starch intakes and higher (P < .05) total dietary fiber (TDF) intakes were noted for dogs fed diets with SBM. Digestibilities of CP (P < .04) and starch (P < .002) at the ileum were higher for dogs fed the higher levels of SBM. Ileal digestibilities of most individual amino acids followed the CP response. Total tract digestibility of CP was higher (P < .006) in dogs fed the SBM diets. There were no significant differences in nutrient digestibilities between conventional and low oligosaccharide SBM. Stachyose and raffinose intakes by dogs were decreased dramatically (P < .001) as a result of substituting the low oligosaccharide SBM for conventional SBM at the higher dietary concentration, although sucrose intake by dogs fed low oligosaccharide SBM was higher (P < .001). Galactinol was present in low oligosaccharide SBM but not in conventional SBM. Total tract digestion of all oligosaccharides was near 100%. The low oligosaccharide SBM was digested as extensively, but no better than, conventional SBM.
Amino Acids↗
Effects of feeding a return chewing gum/packaging material mixture on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle.
Seventy-two Simmental-cross growing steers (219 +/- 2.4 kg initial BW) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of feeding a return chewing gum/packaging material mixture (G/P) on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, sensory attributes of meat, and mineral content of beef liver and muscle. Animals were allotted by weight to 12 pens (six/pen). Each pen was assigned one of three dietary treatments: 1) 0% G/P (control), 2) 20% G/P, or 3) 30% G/P (% G/P on a DM basis). Steers were fed their respective diets for an 84-d growing phase and a 112-d finishing phase. The G/P replaced corn silage and corn in the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Eighteen steers (six/treatment) were randomly selected for slaughter at the end of the finishing phase, and carcass measurements, sensory attributes of meat, and mineral content of liver and longissimus muscle were measured. During the growing phase, steers fed G/P-containing diets had improved (P < .01) daily DMI, ADG, and gain:feed ratios (G:F) compared with controls. However, due to compensatory gain and the fact that G/P replaced corn in the finishing phase, control steers had increased (P < .01) ADG and improved (P < .05) G:F vs steers fed G/P-containing diets. Over the entire study (growing and finishing phases) steers fed diets containing G/P and the control had similar performance. Amount of G/P in the diet had no effect (P > .05) on carcass characteristics. Steaks from steers fed 20% G/P had improved (P < .01) juiciness compared with steaks from steers fed 30% G/P; no other sensory attributes were affected. Aluminum, zinc, and barium content of longissimus muscle and liver were within the normal expected ranges for all treatments. These data indicate that G/P can safely replace at least 30% of growing and finishing diets without impairing feedlot performance or carcass merit.
Aluminum↗
Spent cellulose casings as potential feed ingredients for ruminants.
Cellulose casings are used to contain and form meat and poultry emulsions during the smoking and cooking process. Casings then are stripped from the cooked product and traditionally disposed of in landfills. Because of the bulk of the spent cellulose casings (SCC), rapid composting technology may be used to reduce bulkiness. The following SCC were evaluated in vitro and in vivo: fibrous ground (FG), fibrous composted (FC), NOJAX ground (NG), and NOJAX composted (NC). In vitro digestibility was determined by incubating SCC with mixed ruminal bacteria for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. In vivo data were collected using four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diets consisted of a 50:50 ratio of alfalfa hay-wheat middlings with 5% cornsteep liquor. Diets contained no SCC (CON) or 25% (DM basis) of the FC, FG, or NC SCC substrate. Casings were high in structural carbohydrate and salt content but low in CP, ether extract, and lignin concentrations. In vitro OM digestibility at 24 h was highest (P < .05) for FC and lowest (P < .05) for NG; FG and NC were intermediate. Composting tended to reduce fiber content and increase digestion. In vivo intakes and digestibilities were not adversely affected by inclusion of SCC in the diet. Thus, SCC have the ability to partially replace more traditional forages, such as alfalfa hay and wheat middlings, in high-fiber diets for growing beef cattle. Limitations in the use of SCC as a partial replacement of traditional feedstuffs will likely be because of high salt concentrations in the casings resulting from product brine chilling.
Animal Feed↗
Nutrient digestion by ileal cannulated dogs as affected by dietary fibers with various fermentation characteristics.
We studied the effects of dietary fibers with various fermentation characteristics on nutrient digestion at the distal ileum and in the total tract of dogs. The following high-protein (34%), high-fat (23%) diets were fed: 1) a control treatment (CON) with 0% supplemental fiber; 2) beet pulp (BP), 7.5%; 3) low-cellulose mixture (LCM), 2.5% cellulose + 5.0% pectin; 4) high-cellulose mixture (HCM), 5.0% cellulose + 2.5% pectin; or 5) Solka Floc (SF), 7.5% cellulose. Nutrient intakes by fiber-supplemented dogs were similar among treatment groups but greater (P < .05) than for dogs fed the control diet. Digestion of nutrients at the distal ileum was similar among groups except for fat: the dogs fed BP digested less fat than those fed the other sources of dietary fiber. Digestion of amino acids at the distal ileum was similar for all groups, except for lysine, which increased (P < .05) in digestibility as dietary cellulose concentration increased. Dogs consuming LCM had lower apparent ileal digestibility values for all nutrients, including most amino acids, than dogs consuming HCM or SF. Total tract digestion of DM and OM by dogs fed supplemental fiber was less (P < .05) than for dogs fed the control diet. The BP treatment was higher than other fiber treatments in total tract digestion of OM (P < .10) and total dietary fiber (P < .05). Total tract digestibilities of all nutrients exhibited either linear or quadratic responses to dietary cellulose concentrations. Apparent ileal and total tract nutrient digestion was influenced by the source of dietary fiber consumed.
Amino Acids↗
Effects of chemical treatment of whole canola seed on digestion of long-chain fatty acids by steers fed high or low forage diets.
The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of alkaline H2O2 treatment of whole canola seed as a means of weakening the seed coat while simultaneously protecting long-chain unsaturated fatty acids from ruminal biohydrogenation without hindering their digestion in the lower gut. Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated beef steers were offered six isonitrogenous diets for ad libitum intake twice daily in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial with two forage percentages (70 vs. 30% of dietary DM as corn silage) and three forms of canola seed supplementation, including no canola seed or canola seed added at 10% of dietary DM as treated whole seed or as crushed seed. Canola seed contributed 5% added fat to the total diet. Treated whole canola seed was superior to crushed seed in increasing the amounts of C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 flowing to the duodenum and the amounts digested postruminally. However, digestibilities of these long-chain fatty acids (as percentages of the amounts entering the small intestine) did not differ between diets containing canola seed as treated whole seed or crushed seed. Results suggest that chemically treated whole canola seed can be used as a means of postruminal delivery of digestible long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, especially C18:1, which contributes 62% of the total fatty acids in canola seed. Results also suggest that treated whole canola seed may be more beneficial when fed with low than with high forage diets.
Animal Feed↗
Effects of forage percentage and canola seed on ruminal protein metabolism and duodenal flows of amino acids in steers.
The objective was to determine the effects of dietary forage percentage and fat supplementation on ruminal N metabolism, duodenal flows of AA, and digestion of N. Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers were offered six isonitrogenous diets for ad libitum intake twice daily in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial with two forage percentages (70 vs. 30% of dietary DM as corn silage) and three forms of canola seed supplementation, including no canola seed or canola seed added at 10% of dietary DM as whole seed treated with alkaline H2O2 or as crushed seed. No interactions between dietary forage percentage and canola seed supplementation occurred for any of the measurements. Duodenal flows of NAN and AA were greater for diets containing low forage than for diets containing high forage. However, duodenal flows of total N and NAN did not differ among diets when corrected for differences in intake. Efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis and duodenal flows of bacterial N and AA were increased when treated whole canola seed was supplemented. Apparent total tract digestibility of N was not altered by dietary forage percentage or canola seed supplementation. Results indicate that fat supplementation from canola seed (at 5% of dietary DM), in either form, had no effects on ruminal N metabolism or flows of AA to the duodenum and suggest that treated whole canola seed may stimulate ruminal bacterial protein synthesis.
Amino Acids↗