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Biomedical subjects

G Brown

Publications and source records attributed to G Brown.

520 records · Page 29Linked to original sources
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Retrospective study on Escherichia coli infection in broilers subjected to postmortem examination and antibiotic resistance of isolates in Trinidad.

An 8-yr retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the rate of Escherichia coli infection and antibiotic resistance of isolates from diseased broilers submitted for diagnosis in Trinidad from 1990 to 1997. Of a total of 906 cases of diseased birds subjected to postmortem examination, 603 (66.6%) had E. coli infection. The number of cases increased over the years from 16 in 1990 to a peak of 294 in 1996. For every year, at least 50% of all broiler cases had E. coli infection. The rate of infection was significantly higher during the rainy season (74.1 +/- 6.9%) than during the dry season (57.8 +/- 7.0%). Approximately 50% of all E. coli isolates were resistant to 9 out of a total of 11 antimicrobial drugs selected for the study. The isolates showed an increasing trend of resistance to amoxicillin, apramycin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. However, only the trends of resistance to apramycin and norfloxacin were statistically significant. Overall, of the antimicrobial drugs selected, norfloxacin relatively appeared as the best choice for treatment. From this study, we conclude that the high rate of E. coli infection in broilers submitted for diagnosis along with the high resistance of isolates to antimicrobial drugs constitute a threat to the poultry industry on the island.

Animals↗
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A visit to the Republic of South Africa and Botswana: a modern country with a relic from the past.

In a global health and communication focused society, it is evident that there is a growing need for health care professionals, especially nurses, to face challenges beyond traditional nursing care. Cultural awareness and values affect all areas of a person's life, including their beliefs about health and illness. The recent trip to South Africa and Botswana, a land that seemed so far away, was just only 18 short airline hours within reach. The Association of Black Nursing Faculty, Inc., Chi Eta Phi Sorority, Inc., and the Department of Nursing Education (University of Botswana) sponsored the trip to engage in professional dialogue of health concerns of many disadvantaged populations around the world for the 21st century. Although, this dialogue was an assurance that nurses around the globe do face challenges beyond a traditional nursing practice, it was also an assurance that there was a receptiveness toward teaching and the willingness to engage in health promotion behavior within a dominant culture that influences the lives of many people. In a land of sunshine and scenic majesty, were some of the world's strangest and most dramatic landscapes, nature's richest treasure chest of gold and diamonds with a unique wealth of animal and plant life. This land is also the home of big game, a host of birds, and has a legacy that is one of the most scenically dramatic, healthiest and challenging regions of the world.

Black or African American↗
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The impact of HIV/AIDS on the African American woman and child: epidemiology, cultural and psychosocial issues and nursing management.

The approach to understanding the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) must include the African American woman and children as persons at high risk. This information must be documented in all epidemiology, cultural and psychosocial aspects of care, and nursing management reports. Approximately twenty years after it was first recognized, AIDS is still traveling across the globe at full speed, with very little brake power. In the United States, the African American heterosexual woman continues to be the fastest growing group of persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The proportion of cases increased drastically in the period from 1993 to October 1995, with women totaling 18 percent of the total cases (Newman & Wofsy, 1997). The impact that cultural and psychological issues have had on women and children living with HIV or AIDS is immense, involving not only the potential burdens of physical deterioration, but also the stress of accompanying lifestyle and role changes. These issues involve processes in adjusting and adapting to HIV infection that are important not only because of their centrality to the coping individual, but because they directly affect the success of treatment and prevention (Jaccard, Wilson & Radecki, 1995).

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
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Reducing the rate of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Africa.

Currently there are about twenty four million HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) cases on the continent of Africa. Over the past two years, many health care professionals have been in a stage of denial concerning this problem. According to researchers attending the XIII International AIDS Conference held in Durban, South Africa, the world became aware that cost-effective strategies are needed desperately to stop the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa. Recent studies suggest that modest antiretroviral drug therapies for HIV-positive pregnant women can reduce one-half of the risk of HIV transmission to the unborn child. Challenges to the governments of Africa such as the high cost of drugs, lack of health care infrastructure and cultural barriers, priority to treat only pregnant women has been a difficult decision, while other infected persons with HIV are not treated.

Africa↗
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Antiretroviral agents used in the treatment of HIV infections.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global problem in today's society. Presently, there is no cure for this devastating disease, but there are many treatment modalities from which to choose. The medications called antiretroviral agents must be carefully selected and customized for each person who is being treated for an HIV infection. Physicians and pharmacists must use extreme care when these drugs are ordered, because if they are used improperly, there will be an increase in resistance to the virus. In order to prevent resistance, people should be properly educated about these agents, how they should be taken, as well as the specific schedule to which they should comply. Education is the major factor in assisting with bringing this disease under control and reducing transmission. Antiretroviral agents recommended for HIV infection through the stages of reproduction, transmission, and treatment are discussed.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
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Emergency 911: America was called....

This author expresses her thoughts and feelings about the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City carried out on September 11, 2001.

Disasters↗
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[Mathematical modeling of non-stationary spatial gradients of nitric oxide in the muscle wall of blood vessels].

A mathematical description of the diffusion of low-mass uncharged molecules in homogenous biological medium was considered. The distribution of nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscles was taken as an example. The model makes it possible to describe the spatial-temporal gradient of NO near the surface of endothelium in terms of one-dimensional diffusion. In the case of the constant rate of nitric oxide production in endothelium, an analytical expression of nonstationary distribution of NO concentration was obtained. It was found that, if the diameter of blood vessel exceeds 800 microns, the concentration of nitric oxide on the outer border of vascular smooth muscle layer is less than the equilibrium dissociation constant (0.25 microM) of soluble guanylyl cyclase. Thus, the diffusion of nitric oxide produced in endothelium is insufficient to cause a relaxation of vascular smooth muscles in medium- and large-size blood vessels. In this case, the role of nitric oxide synthesized in vasa vasorum acquires a special significance for the regulation of vessel tone.

Algorithms↗
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Helping nurses adjust. Who provides what job information?

Nurses' perceptions of their jobs are influenced by information provided by others, who often are labeled role models. This study suggests that role models are not limited to co-workers and preceptors as implied in previous research. Nurses' evaluations of job satisfaction, job attitudes, and the appeal of other professions is influenced by information provided by co-workers, supervisors, preceptors, family, friends, patients, and physicians. Although all employees appear to be influenced to some degree by information from others, new employees appear most prone to use information from others to shape feelings, attitudes, and job behavior.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
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Neurobehavioral profile of subcutaneously administered MK-801 in the rat.

MK-801 (dizocilpine) is an NMDA antagonist known to cause vacuolization and necrosis in susceptible cortical neurons. The objectives of the present work were to characterize the behavioral effects produced by a single administration of MK-801 and to determine how these effects may relate to the morphological changes seen in the central nervous system. Female rats (8/ group), approximately 9 weeks of age, received one of three doses of (+)MK-801 (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg) subcutaneously. Behavioral evaluation, using detailed clinical observations or a functional observational battery, was conducted every 15 minutes from 15-120 minutes post dosing and on Days 2, 3 and 7. Locomotor activity was assessed on Days 1,3,7 and 14. Stereotypy and ataxia were seen in all MK-801 groups soon after dosing, and continued to be observed in the two lower dose groups out to 2 hours. By 45 minutes post dosing, most of the rats from the 0.5 mg/kg group were completely immobile and did not show recovery for several hours. At 24 hours post dosing when all animals from the 0.5 mg/kg group were mobile, stereotypy and ataxia were evident. A differential dose effect was observed on locomotor activity on Day 1. Markedly increased locomotor activity was seen in the 0.1 mg/kg group, whereas activity was decreased in the 0.5 mg/kg group. This decrease at the highest dose level continued to be seen up to 3 days post dosing. In conclusion, acute dosing with MK-801 produced a behavioral pattern that was markedly affected by the increasing severity of ataxia with increasing dose and that was similar, in many aspects, to the profile that has been seen with single dose administration of phencylidine in the rat. Comparison of the temporal pattern of behavioral change (at the 0.5 mg/kg dose level) with that of necrosis development did not suggest a direct mechanistic relationship.

Animals↗
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Azathioprine-induced multisystem organ failure and cardiogenic shock.

Azathioprine is administered to treat increasing numbers of disorders over a wide range of organ systems. The potential for the drug to cause widespread organ dysfunction is not fully appreciated. In fact, azathioprine can cause multisystem organ dysfunction involving the kidneys, liver, and cardiovascular system. The discovery of global cardiac dysfunction as one component of this complication may indicate a mechanism of hypotension. Clinicians must be aware of the potential for azathioprine to cause such toxicities to facilitate appropriate patient management.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
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Transitioning to independence: challenges for young people with disabilities and their caregivers.

For all teens, the process of moving from childhood to adulthood is challenging. For young people with disabilities, transitioning to independence presents even more challenges. Barriers to successful transition for young people with disabilities include low expectations by parents and other significant people in the community, lack of knowledge of existing career and vocational education services, and lack of self-advocacy skills. This article provides an overview of issues related to transitioning to adult independence and offers suggestions for assessment, planning, and intervention that can help nurses be effective partners with families and other caregivers in transition efforts. Nurses caring for children with disabilities can help families see strengths in their children and develop realistic, developmentally-appropriate expectations for skill development, attitudes, and behaviors that will promote self-sufficiency in adulthood. Nurses can help families think about possibilities for independence and refer families to community resources that can help young people with disabilities pursue postsecondary education, obtain and maintain jobs, and live independently.

Activities of Daily Living↗