Biomedical subjects

G Blanc

Publications and source records attributed to G Blanc.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Connected populations for detecting quantitative trait loci and testing for epistasis: an application in maize.

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection experiments have often been restricted to large biallelic populations. Use of connected multiparental crosses has been proposed to increase the genetic variability addressed and to test for epistatic interactions between QTL and the genetic background. We present here the results of a QTL detection performed on six connected F(2) populations of 150 F(2:3) families each, derived from four maize inbreds and evaluated for three traits of agronomic interest. The QTL detection was carried out by composite interval mapping on each population separately, then on the global design either by taking into account the connections between populations or not. Epistatic interactions between loci and with the genetic background were tested. Taking into account the connections between populations increased the number of QTL detected and the accuracy of QTL position estimates. We detected many epistatic interactions, particularly for grain yield QTL (R(2) increase of 9.6%). Use of connections for the QTL detection also allowed a global ranking of alleles at each QTL. Allelic relationships and epistasis both contribute to the lack of consistency for QTL positions observed among populations, in addition to the limited power of the tests. The potential benefit of assembling favorable alleles by marker-assisted selection are discussed.

Epistasis, Genetic↗

PubMed2005

Geochemical survey and metal bioaccumulation of three bivalve species (Crassostrea gigas, Cerastoderma edule and Ruditapes philippinarum) in the Nord Medoc salt marshes (Gironde estuary, France).

A 15-month experiment combining a geochemical survey of Cd, Cu, Zn and Hg with a bioaccumulation study for three filter-feeding bivalve species (oysters, Crassostrea gigas; cockles, Cerastoderma edule; and clams, Ruditapes philippinarum) was conducted in a breeding basin of the Nord Medoc salt marshes connected to the Gironde estuary, which is affected by historic polymetallic pollution. Regular manual surface measurements of temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved O(2) concentration and hourly multiprobe in situ measurements throughout several periods for 6-8 weeks were performed. The geochemical behavior of metals in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment and their ecotoxicological impact on the three bivalve species were evaluated by in situ exposure of juvenile oysters (water column) and adult cockles and clams (sediment surface). The physico-chemical parameters reflected seasonal variations and basin management. A distinct daily periodicity (except salinity) indicated intense photosynthesis and respiration. In summer, low dissolved O(2) saturations ( approximately 40-50%) occurred in the early morning at 30 cm above the sediment, whereas in depressions, the water column near the sediment surface was suboxic. Cadmium, Zn and Cu concentrations in suspended particulate matter exceeded typical estuarine values and were much higher than the homogeneously distributed concentrations in different depth ranges of the basin sediment. Particles collected in sediment traps showed intermediate metal concentrations close to sediment values. These results suggest trace metal recycling due to reductive dissolution under suboxic conditions at the sediment surface resulting in trace metal release to the water column and adsorption onto suspended particles. Dissolved Cd, Zn and Hg concentrations (e.g. 13-136 ng l(-1); 0.3-25.1 microg l(-1) and 0.5-2.0 ng l(-1), respectively) in the basin corresponded to the concentration range typically observed in the Gironde estuary, except for some maximum values attributed to metal recycling. In contrast, dissolved Cu concentrations (1.08-6.08 microg l(-1)) were mostly higher than typical estuarine values, probably due to recycled Cu complexation by dissolved organic matter. Growth, bioaccumulation rates and kinetics in the whole soft body of the bivalves were analyzed every 40 days. Although Cd bioaccumulation of oysters was lower in the basin than in the estuary during the same period (27,000 ng g(-1), dry weight and 40,000 ng g(-1), respectively) these values are largely above the new human consumption safety level (5000 ng g(-1), dw; European Community, 2002). For cockles and clams, Cd bioaccumulation was lower, reaching 1400 ng g(-1) and 950 ng g(-1), respectively. Similar results were obtained for Zn and Cu suggesting physiological differences between the species and/or differences in the exposure of the organisms due to physico-chemical conditions and metal distribution between dissolved and particulate phases. In contrast, Hg bioaccumulation was highest for cockles reaching bioconcentration factors of approximately 200,000, which even exceeded that of Cd in oysters (50,000) for the same exposition period. Nevertheless, Hg concentrations remained relatively low in the three bivalve species.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Rickettsia felis, from culture to genome sequencing.

Rickettsia felis has been recently cultured in XTC2 cells. This allows production of enough bacteria to create a genomic bank and to sequence it. The chromosome of R. felis is longer than that of previously sequenced rickettsiae and it possess 2 plasmids. Microscopically, this bacterium exhibits two forms of pili: one resembles a conjugative pilus and another forms hair-like projections that may play a role in pathogenicity. R. felis also exhibits several copies of ankyrin-repeat genes and tetratricopeptide encoding gene that are specifically linked to pathogenic host-associated bacteria. It also contains toxin-antitoxin system encoding genes that are extremely rare in intracellular bacteria and may be linked to plasmid maintenance.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Differential carbohydrate metabolism conducts morphogenesis in embryogenic callus of Hevea brasiliensis (Müll. Arg.).

Somatic embryogenesis in Hevea is stimulated when the embryogenesis induction medium contains maltose, rather than glucose, fructose, or sucrose, in equimolarity (Blanc et al., 1999). Kinetic analyses were carried out on various physiological and biochemical indicators over the 8 weeks that the induction phase then expression of somatic embryogenesis can take. Embryogenesis induction in the presence of glucose, fructose or sucrose revealed strong callus growth in the first 3-4 weeks, associated with a high intra- and extracellular hexose content, a high starch content and a substantial decline in protein synthesis. In the presence of maltose, callus growth was slow and only half that seen with sucrose. This morphogenetic behaviour is associated with a drop in endogenous hexose and starch contents, and an increase in protein synthesis in the first three weeks of culture. The induction of embryogenesis in the presence of maltose was uniform and twice as fast as with sucrose supply. At the end of culture, peroxidase activity, antioxidant and membrane protein contents increased in these calluses; these characteristics may be associated with somatic embryo organization and with the maintenance of effective membrane integrity within a nutrient environment that has become limiting. These new results tally with data in the literature on the roles of sugars, and provide some precise information with regard to the 'carbohydrate deficit' hypothesis usually put forward to explain maltose action. An analysis of these results led to the hypothesis that regulation of endogenous hexose contents at a low level, through slow maltose hydrolysis, was a key element of the biochemical signal leading this callus towards somatic embryogenesis.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2001

Cortical alpha 1-adrenergic regulation of acute and sensitized morphine locomotor effects.

The role of alpha1-adrenergic transmission was tested on locomotor effects of acute or repeated morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Prazosin, an alpha1-adrenergic antagonist, administered 30 min before morphine, either systemically (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or locally and bilaterally into the prefrontal cortex (200 pmol/side) reduced the stimulatory influence of morphine on locomotion. The progressive increase of the locomotor response induced by repeated morphine injections was blocked by a prazosin pretreatment but not the behavioral sensitization on the test day. These data suggest that blockade of cortical alpha1-adrenergic receptors reduces the expression of acute and sensitized locomotor responses to morphine, but does not prevent the induction of behavioral sensitization.

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists↗

PubMed2001

Variations in extracellular monoamines in the prefrontal cortex and medial hypothalamus after modafinil administration: a microdialysis study in rats.

The role of brain amines in mediating the effects of the wake-promoting agent modafinil, used in the treatment of sleepiness associated with narcolepsy is still uncertain. Therefore we studied the effects of modafinil on extracellular serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA), in rat prefrontal cortex and in the medial hypothalamus area. Modafinil (128 mg/kg i.p.) significantly increased waking in the first 4 h of EEG sleep recording. This cortical and behavioral activation was associated with an initial increase in extracellular 5-HT, DA and NA during the first 60 min following modafinil administration. In the prefrontal cortex, 5-HT release remained high for 3 h after modafinil administration. In contrast, in the hypothalamus, only NA release was enhanced while DA and 5-HT levels remained low. In a first step, modafinil may generate waking partly via cortical monoamine release, particularly DA and 5-HT, and also hypothalamic NA. In a second step, maintenance of waking might depend on hypothalamic NA.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Stimulation of metabotropic but not ionotropic glutamatergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens is required for the D-amphetamine-induced release of functional dopamine.

We have previously shown that a large part of the D-amphetamine-induced release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is not associated with an increase in locomotor activity, and that "functional" dopamine release (i.e. release of dopamine associated with locomotor activity) requires the distal facilitation of noradrenergic transmission through alpha1-adrenergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex. To determine the role of monosynaptic or polysynaptic projections from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens in these amphetamine responses, either AMPA/kainate (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, CNQX, 300microM), N-methyl-D-aspartate (D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid, APV, 500microM) or metabotropic [(+)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxy-phenylglycine, MCPG, 10mM] glutamate receptor antagonists were infused through a dialysis probe in the rat nucleus accumbens. CNQX and MCPG but not APV reduced the "non-functional" release of dopamine evoked by local (3microM) and systemic D-amphetamine (2mg/kg i.p.) treatments. However, the locomotor hyperactivity and functional dopamine release induced by systemic D-amphetamine were abolished by MCPG, but neither by CNQX nor by APV. MCPG treatment also abolished the hyperlocomotor activity and functional dopamine release evoked by bilateral morphine injection into the ventral tegmental area. The dopamine release evoked by this morphine treatment was 16-fold lower than that induced by the systemic D-amphetamine injection, although similar behavioral activations were observed. Altogether, our results further aid the discrimination of functional and non-functional release of dopamine. We suggest that the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens is required for functional dopamine release following systemic D-amphetamine injection.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗

PubMed2001

Redescription of Gyrodactylus teuchis Lautraite, Blanc, Thiery, Daniel & Vigneulle, 1999 (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae); a species identified by ribosomal RNA sequence.

Molecular and morphological features of Gyrodactylus specimens from Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta and Salmo salar were examined. Sequences from variable region V4 of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and the ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacers, produced by the FRS Marine Laboratory, revealed that these were not the same as other well-characterised Gyrodactylus that are common on European salmonids and were in fact a distinct species. Initial morphological examination of the opisthaptor indicated that this species very closely resembles G. salaris Malmberg, 1957. More detailed analysis revealed differences in the shape of the marginal hook sickle of these two species and thus Gyrodactylus teuchis Lautraite, Blanc, Thiery, Daniel & Vigneulle, 1999 was erected. Analysis of the ribosomal RNA gene or spacer sequences remains the most reliable method of identifying this species. This is believed to be the first record of a Gyrodactylus species identified first from molecular data and confirmed by morphological examination; previous molecular analyses had provided alternative methods for identifying species that had already been described using morphological characters.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

The organization of cytoplasmic ribosomal protein genes in the Arabidopsis genome.

Eukaryotic ribosomes are made of two components, four ribosomal RNAs, and approximately 80 ribosomal proteins (r-proteins). The exact number of r-proteins and r-protein genes in higher plants is not known. The strong conservation in eukaryotic r-protein primary sequence allowed us to use the well-characterized rat (Rattus norvegicus) r-protein set to identify orthologues on the five haploid chromosomes of Arabidopsis. By use of the numerous expressed sequence tag (EST) accessions and the complete genomic sequence of this species, we identified 249 genes (including some pseudogenes) corresponding to 80 (32 small subunit and 48 large subunit) cytoplasmic r-protein types. None of the r-protein genes are single copy and most are encoded by three or four expressed genes, indicative of the internal duplication of the Arabidopsis genome. The r-proteins are distributed throughout the genome. Inspection of genes in the vicinity of r-protein gene family members confirms extensive duplications of large chromosome fragments and sheds light on the evolutionary history of the Arabidopsis genome. Examination of large duplicated regions indicated that a significant fraction of the r-protein genes have been either lost from one of the duplicated fragments or inserted after the initial duplication event. Only 52 r-protein genes lack a matching EST accession, and 19 of these contain incomplete open reading frames, confirming that most genes are expressed. Assessment of cognate EST numbers suggests that r-protein gene family members are differentially expressed.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Extensive duplication and reshuffling in the Arabidopsis genome.

Systematic analysis of the Arabidopsis genome provides a basis for detailed studies of genome structure and evolution. Members of multigene families were mapped, and random sequence alignment was used to identify regions of extended similarity in the Arabidopsis genome. Detailed analysis showed that the number, order, and orientation of genes were conserved over large regions of the genome, revealing extensive duplication covering the majority of the known genomic sequence. Fine mapping analysis showed much rearrangement, resulting in a patchwork of duplicated regions that indicated deletion, insertion, tandem duplication, inversion, and reciprocal translocation. The implications of these observations for evolution of the Arabidopsis genome as well as their usefulness for analysis and annotation of the genomic sequence and in comparative genomics are discussed.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMed1998

Importance of the noradrenaline-dopamine coupling in the locomotor activating effects of D-amphetamine.

The locomotor hyperactivity induced by systemic or local (nucleus accumbens) D-amphetamine injections can be blocked by systemic or local (prefrontal cortex) injections of prazosin, an alpha1-adrenergic antagonist (Blance et al., 1994). Microdialysis studies performed on freely moving animals indicated that prazosin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) does not modify the increase in the extracellular dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens that are induced by D-amphetamine (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.), but it inhibits the D-amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity (-63%, p < 0.0001). No behavioral activation occurred after the bilateral local perfusion of 3 microM D-amphetamine in the nucleus accumbens, although it led to a fivefold increase in extracellular DA levels. This increase in extracellular DA levels was not affected by prazosin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.). When an intraperitoneal injection of D-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) was superimposed to the continuous local perfusion of 3 microM D-amphetamine, it induced a 64% increase in the extracellular DA levels in the nucleus accumbens, and this response was associated with simultaneous behavioral activation. Both the increases in extracellular DA levels and in locomotor activity were completely blocked by a pretreatment with prazosin, injected either systemically (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or locally and bilaterally into the prefrontal cortex (500 pmol/side). Complementary experiments indicated that the focal application of D-amphetamine requires at least a 4.8-fold higher increase in DA output compared with systemic D-amphetamine for the behavioral effects to be elicited. Altogether, these results suggest that locomotor activating effects of D-amphetamine are caused by the stimulation of cortical alpha1-adrenergic receptors by noradrenaline, which increases the release of a functional part of subcortical DA.

Adrenergic Agents↗

PubMed1998

Pharmacokinetics of a discontinuous absorption process of oxolinic acid in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, after a single oral administration.

1. The pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid have been studied in 500 g turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). The fish were kept in seawater at 16 degrees C with a 15 h/9 h photoperiod. Oxolinic acid was administered orally via a stomach tube at a single dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Serum concentrations of oxolinic acid were determined by a (HPLC) using liquid phase extraction with an internal standard and a fluorescence detection. 2. The pharmacokinetic process was not significantly sex-influenced. The short elimination phase of the oxolinic acid in turbot after oral administration was similar to the elimination after intravascular administration. The serum concentration profile of oxolinic acid was better described by a discontinuous absorption model than by compartment models using continuous absorption processes. The absorption of oxolinic acid in turbot was characterized by two distinct phases after a lag time of about 2 h. A time (Tmax) of 12 h was necessary to reach the peak serum concentration (Cmax) of 1.41 microg/ml. The oral bioavailability was 27.9%. 3. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration for susceptible strains, and especially Vibrio anguillarum, the oxolinic acid could be effective in turbot after an oral treatment of 10 mg/kg/day.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1997

Pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid in sea-bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L., 1758), after a single rapid intravascular injection.

The pharmacokinetics of oxolinic acid was studied in sea-bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The fish were kept in seawater at 15.2 degrees C with a 12 h/12 h photoperiod. Oxolinic acid was injected in the caudal vein of anaesthetized sea-bass in a single rapid intravascular administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma concentrations of oxolinic acid were determined using two analytical methods, a classic plate diffusion bioassay using Escherichia coli and a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using solid phase extraction with an internal standard and a U.V. detection. The mean recoveries were 99.6% and 110.8% and determination limits were 0.04 microg/mL and 0.02 microg/mL, for the bioassay and the HPLC respectively. Compared to other fish species, the oxolinic acid was rapidly (absorption half life, t(a1/2) = 0.69 h) distributed to body tissues outside the blood volume (volume of central compartment, Vc = 0.4 L/kg) and presented a large volume of distribution (Vdss = 2.55 L/kg). Considering its disappearance from the central compartment (rate constant: central-eliminated, k10 = 0.16 h[-1]) and its total body clearance (Cl[t] = 0.066 L/kg x h), the elimination phase of the oxolinic acid in sea-bass was shorter than in trout kept in freshwater, and longer than in salmon in seawater. Consequently, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC = 157 microg x h/mL) and the mean residence time (MRT = 42 h) were relatively low and short, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Lack of interaction between hepatitis C virus and alcohol in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. A statistical study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In several studies markers of hepatitis C virus infection have been shown to be present in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis. Our work was designed to test the likely hypothesis that this association is due to an interaction between hepatitis C virus and alcohol in the pathogenesis of cirrhosis. METHODS: We compared alcohol consumption and repartition of anti-HCV antibodies detected by an immunoblot recombinant assay in 101 male patients with cirrhosis and in 120 male controls. Interactions between anti-hepatitis C virus, alcohol and cirrhosis were calculated using log linear hierarchical models for frequency data. The basis of the method is that an interaction between hepatitis C virus and alcohol implies that a model built on the hypothesis of a role of hepatitis C virus and alcohol in the disease should be improved by a coefficient associated with multiplicative effects of hepatitis C virus and alcohol. RESULTS: In patients with cirrhosis the mean alcohol consumption (148 +/- 100 g per day) and the incidence of positivity for anti-HCV antibodies (45%) were significantly higher than in controls. The results were consistent with a theoretical model built with the hypothesis of an independent role of both alcohol and hepatitis C virus. The goodness of fit between this model and the actual distribution of alcohol consumption and hepatitis C virus markers was not improved by introduction of an interaction between hepatitis C virus and alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: In alcoholic subjects with hepatitis C virus infection, the probability to have cirrhosis seemed to be explained by additive effects of alcohol and hepatitis C virus. From a purely statistical point of view, no interaction between hepatitis C virus and alcohol consumption on a multiplicative scale could be demonstrated.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Density-dependent effects of Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) within and on its copepod intermediate hosts.

Density-dependent effects of Anguillicola crassus larval infections in the copepod intermediate host were examined experimentally. Three species of copepods (Cyclops vicinus, C. viridis and C. fuscus) were subjected to a range of doses of larval A. crassus within infection arenas. Prevalence, intensity and parasite dispersion (variance: mean abundance) values increase and then approach an asymptote as infection dose increases. Infection parameters differ between species of copepod. Increasing temperature has a negative effect on the establishment of the parasite population within the intermediate host. Parasite-induced host mortality increases with dose. These mechanisms have the potential to regulate populations of A. crassus larvae within the copepod population and hence the whole suprapopulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effects of WIN 35,428 a potent antagonist of dopamine transporter on sleep and locomotor activity in rats.

The new cocaine derivative CFT naphthalene sulphonate (WIN 35,428), has been shown to have a considerably longer duration of action and greater potency than cocaine as a central stimulant and it appears to have a similar mode of action on dopamine (DA) systems. The purpose of the present study was first to investigate the effects of low doses of WIM 35,428 with particular reference to the involvement of dopaminergic system in paradoxical sleep (PS), other sleep parameters and locomotor activity in the rat. WIN 35,428 a potent ligand of dopamine transporter showed biphasic effects upon PS and locomotor activity with low doses increasing and high doses decreasing PS. These changes reflect a functional involvement probably relevant to the action of Win 35,428 on DA transporters.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1994

Blockade of prefronto-cortical alpha 1-adrenergic receptors prevents locomotor hyperactivity induced by subcortical D-amphetamine injection.

The stimulation of cortical dopaminergic D1 receptors can counteract the increased locomotor activity evoked by D-amphetamine application in the nucleus accumbens (Vezina et al., Eur. J. Neurosci., 3, 1001-1007, 1991). Moreover, an alpha 1 antagonist, prazosin, prevents the locomotor hyperactivity induced by electrolytic lesions of the ventral tegmental area (Trovero et al., Neuroscience, 47, 69-76, 1992). Attempts were thus made to see whether blockade of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the rat prefrontal cortex could reduce nucleus accumbens D-amphetamine-evoked locomotor activity. Rats implanted chronically and bilaterally with cannulae into the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens were used for this purpose and locomotor activity was monitored in circular corridors. Preliminary experiments indicated that intraperitoneal injection of prazosin (0.06 mg/kg) reduces the locomotor hyperactivity induced by the peripheral administration of D-amphetamine (0.75 mg/kg). This effect of prazosin was not observed when locomotor hyperactivity was obtained by an intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (0.8 mg/kg). Bilateral nucleus accumbens injections of D-amphetamine (4.0 nmol/side) markedly increased locomotor activity, as estimated in a 30 min period. Prior (20 min) bilateral injections of either prazosin or WB-4101 (0.16 pmol) into the medial prefrontal cortex abolished the nucleus accumbens D-amphetamine-evoked response. The recovery of the nucleus accumbens D-amphetamine-evoked response was closely dependent on the amount of prazosin used, very prolonged inhibitory effects of the drug being seen with a high amount (> 4 days with 160 pmol). In contrast, whatever the amount of WB-4101 used (0.16-160 pmol), recovery occurred within 3 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Antagonists↗

PubMed1994

Blockade of D-1 dopamine receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex produces delayed effects on pre- and postsynaptic indices of dopamine function in the nucleus accumbens.

The present experiments assessed the acute and delayed effects of D-1 dopamine (DA) receptor blockade in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on pre- and postsynaptic indices of DA neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc). Different groups of rats received intra-mPFC injections of saline (control animals) or the D-1 DA receptor antagonist SCH-23390 (0.25 microgram/side). Acutely, intra-mPFC injections of this antagonist did not affect spontaneous locomotion but significantly increased the locomotion induced by intra-N.Acc. amphetamine (1.5 micrograms/side), in agreement with our earlier findings [Vezina et al. (1991) Eur. J. Neurosci., 3:1001-1007]. When tested two days post-injection, however, mPFC-SCH-23390 preexposed animals showed lower levels of locomotor activity than Control animals in response to intra-N.Acc. injections of amphetamine. This effect was not observed in other animals preexposed two days earlier to mPFC injections of amphetamine (2.5 micrograms/side) or the D-2 DA receptor antagonist sulpiride (1.0 microgram/side). Animals preexposed two days earlier to mPFC SCH-23390 also showed higher levels of locomotor activity (+98%) when tested with intra-N.Acc. injections of the D-1 DA receptor agonist SKF-38393 (1.0 microgram/side) and a 36% increase in maximal DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in comparison to Control animals. These effects were no longer observed in animals tested seven days following the mPFC SCH-23390 injections. These results demonstrate delayed actions resulting from cortical D-1 DA receptor blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenylyl Cyclases↗