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Biomedical subjects

G B Edwards

Publications and source records attributed to G B Edwards.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Endoscopic electrosurgical excision of laryngeal granulation tissue in a standing pregnant mare.

An 11-year-old, eight-months pregnant mare suddenly developed severe respiratory distress. Endoscopic examination identified intralaryngeal granulation tissue obstructing the airway. In order to avoid general anaesthesia and the problems associated with a permanent tracheostomy, the mass was resected electrosurgically while the mare was standing. Patency was restored to the airway and the mare foaled without complication.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed2000

Entrapment of the small colon through a mesocolic rent in a mare.

A 6-year-old mare was presented for acute abdominal pain unresponsive to analgesics. Exploratory laparotomy revealed entrapment of the small colon through a 12 cm rent in the mesocolon. The incarcerated small colon was manually reduced and the rent in the mesocolon was sutured closed. The mare made excellent postoperative recovery and was discharged from the hospital 4 days later. The cause of the rent, which was chronic in appearance, is unknown.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed2000

Segmental eosinophilic colitis: a review of 22 cases.

Twenty-two horses with colic, referred to the University of Liverpool Equine Hospital (1992-1998), were found at laparotomy to have a partial obstruction of the large colon caused by a segmental mural lesion located in the left dorsal colon. The decision to take the horses to surgery was based on rectal examination findings of secondary impaction and mural oedema of the large colon and turbid peritoneal fluid containing large numbers of neutrophils obtained by paracentesis. The affected segment of colon showed oedema and serosal changes varying from erythema to well-defined necrosis. These pathological changes were considered to be sufficiently severe in 16 horses to merit partial resection of the left colon. Histology revealed varying degrees of mucosal necrosis, marked submucosal oedema and infiltration with large numbers of eosinophilic leucocytes. No cause was identified for the lesions. Sixteen of the 18 horses discharged from the hospital were alive 3 months to 7 years after surgery and have returned to their previous type of work and level of performance. The remaining 2 horses were subjected to euthanasia because of a recurrence of colic but no autopsy was performed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Diseases and surgery of the small colon.

Diseases of the small colon are numerous and they can affect horses of any age. Diseases can be simple obstructions, nonstrangulating obstructions, strangulating obstructions, and congenital defects. American Miniature Horses appear prone to luminal obstruction with impacted intestinal contents, and some ischemic diseases are more common in postpartum mares. Enterotomy and enterectomy have a high success rate in the small colon, provided the affected portion can be exteriorized. The beginning and terminal portions of the small colon can be involved in many diseases and are not readily accessible from standard abdominal approaches. The prognosis is generally more favorable than has been proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Hypertrophic osteopathy (Marie's disease) in Equidae: a review of twenty-four cases.

The case records of 23 horses and one donkey affected by hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) (Marie's disease) were reviewed. All affected animals presented with limb swellings, which were bilaterally symmetrical and usually involved both fore- and hindlimbs. Associated signs included stiffness/lameness and weight loss. Radiological features included periosteal new bone formation over the diaphyses and metaphyses of affected bones. The metacarpal and metatarsal bones were most frequently affected. Articular surfaces remained free of disease. Seventeen animals were destroyed on humane grounds, 3 horses recovered after successful treatment of the primary disease, 3 horses recovered after symptomatic treatment and one horse was lost to follow-up. Significant primary diseases that were believed to predispose to HO were identified (pre- or post mortem) in 14 cases. In each of these cases, an intrathoracic disease was identified, although co-existing extrathoracic disease was present in 3 cases. Granulomatous inflammatory lesions were present in 9 of these 14 cases. In 4 horses, which underwent necropsy examination, no significant underlying disease was identified.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Application of organ culture of small intestine to the investigation of enterocyte damage by equine rotavirus.

We used organ culture of jejunal mucosal explants obtained from ponies aged between 2 and 12 months to study enterocyte damage by group A strains of equine rotavirus. Electron microscopy of jejunal explants maintained for < or = 48 h in the presence of organ culture medium alone showed that enterocytes were structurally intact and had a densely packed brush border and overlying mucus. Similarly, examination of explants maintained in the presence of rotavirus for 48 h revealed no apparent ultrastructural abnormalities. However, obvious replication and assembly of virus in enterocytes had occurred following exposure to equine rotavirus strains H2 (three of eight occasions), trypsin-activated H2 (two of four), L338 (five of five), and EQ124 (two of two), although brush borders and intracellular organelles appeared unaltered. Despite the absence of obvious ultrastructural damage, analytical subcellular fractionation showed that rotavirus infection can result in decreased activities of microvillar membrane enzymes, with a particular loss of the main brush border peak of modal density 1.21 g/ml. These findings demonstrate that organ culture of small intestine may be applied to the investigation of rotavirus pathogenicity; they further suggest that certain strains impair enterocyte function by affecting the turnover of microvillar membrane proteins.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1995

Subcellular biochemical changes during the development of the small intestine of pony foals.

To examine the postnatal development of equine small intestine, biopsy specimens of jejunal mucosa from 8 ponies, between 6 and 28 weeks old, were subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation and assay of organelle marker enzymes. Fractionation revealed a reduction in the particulate brush border component of beta-galactosidase (lactase) activity between 6 and 28 weeks, and a corresponding increase in soluble activity, although the reduction in mean specific activity was not significant. There also was a decrease in the proportion of brush border to soluble aminopeptidase N activity, a relative loss of brush border gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, and a considerable decrease in the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase throughout the gradient fractions. In contrast, there were marked increases in activities of alpha-glucosidase (maltase) and sucrase in the older ponies, accompanied by considerable changes in the intracellular distribution of particulate alpha-glucosidase activity, which was predominantly associated with endoplasmic reticulum at 6 weeks, whereas the large increase in activity observed by 28 weeks was clearly associated with the brush border. The modal density of brush borders also increased with age, suggestive of an increase in the glycoprotein-to-lipid ratio of the microvillar membrane. In contrast to these brush border changes, there was relatively little alteration in the activities or density distributions of marker enzymes for endoplasmic reticulum, basolateral membranes, mitochondria, or lysosomes. These findings indicate that maturation of equine intestinal epithelium during the first few months of life results in major changes in the properties and enzyme composition of enterocyte brush borders.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

An analysis of 75 cases of intestinal obstruction caused by pedunculated lipomas.

A retrospective study of 75 cases of pedunculated lipoma obstruction (PLO) of the intestine was conducted. Age, breed and sex distributions were compared to the non-PLO colic population. Horses in the PLO group were significantly older than in the non-PLO colic group (P < 0.001). A significant increase in risk of PLO was associated with geldings (O.R. 2.32) and with ponies (O.R. 3.75). Of the 75 PLO cases analysed, 69 were strangulating, 70 involved small intestine and 5 involved small colon. Cases of strangulation obstruction tended to have lipomas originating distant to the mesenteric border of the intestine. The short-term survival rate for PLO cases was 48%. Long-term survival rate was 38%. Lipoma weight of some of the PLO group was compared with that from an asymptomatic pedunculated lipoma (APL) group. The two weight distributions were significantly different (P < 0.001).

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1994

Cellular sources of proteolytic enzymes in equine joints.

Isolated equine blood and articular cells were investigated for proteolytic enzyme production by means of gel filtration and analysis on 14C-acetylated collagen and casein substrates. Significant amounts of collagenase and caseinase activity were produced by cultured synoviocytes stimulated with equine interleukin 1, although large amounts of collagenase also originated from neutrophils.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Proteolytic enzymes in equine joints with infectious arthritis.

Significant amounts of collagenase and caseinase activity were detected in infected synovial fluid samples. Partial characterisation of the enzymes by gel filtration suggested that synovial fluid from cases of infectious arthritis may contain enzymes from both the synovial cells and neutrophils. This finding was also supported by analysis of sequential synovial fluid samples from 4 infected joints. In 3 joints the concentration of caseinase and in 1 joint collagenase paralleled the decline in total nucleated cell count. However, in 3 joints the concentration of collagenase remained high after the total nucleated cell count had returned to normal, suggesting that this enzyme originated from resident articular cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Unit-based shared governance can work!

The Nurse Executive Council at a 540-bed community teaching health center planned and implemented Shared Governance in a 10-bed Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU). Paid time was provided for nurses to take part in one of four councils. After a pilot year resulting in satisfaction with job autonomy and input into decision-making, staff reaffirmed their commitment to shared governance as a permanent "way of life" in the MICU. During the second year, patient care assistants and unit clerks were integrated into the Councils and staff began serving as consultants to other units and institutions.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed1993

Diagnosis of grass sickness by ileal biopsy.

Ileal biopsies were obtained from 18 horses with grass sickness, 15 horses with other alimentary disease and three horses without gastrointestinal disease. Samples of small intestine were also obtained from nine cases of obstruction due to small intestinal strangulation. Histological examination revealed that severe enteric neuropathy in the absence of other significant morphological changes was confined to the horses with grass sickness.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Enteric neuropathy in horses with grass sickness.

The degeneration of enteric neurones has been recorded in grass sickness, but the distribution of the lesions in the gut and their possible relationship with the severity of the clinical signs has not been established. Samples obtained from 11 anatomically defined sites along the gastrointestinal tract of eight control horses without gastrointestinal disease, five horses with acute grass sickness and three horses with chronic grass sickness were examined histologically. The organisation of the enteric ganglia was similar to that in other large mammalian species. Minor exceptions included the presence of fundic mucosal nerve cell bodies and blood vessels within submucosal ganglia. All the horses with grass sickness had severe enteric neuropathy, widespread in the acute cases but localised to the distal small intestine in the chronic cases. These neuronal lesions are consistent with, and may explain the intractable gastrointestinal propulsive deficit that characterises grass sickness.

Acute Disease↗