Liver scintigraphy: application in small animals.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
G B Daniel
Publications and source records attributed to G B Daniel.
Indium-111-chloride and three-phase bone scintigraphy: a comparison for imaging experimental osteomyelitis.
To investigate the utility of indium-111-chloride (111In-Cl) imaging in detecting osteomyelitis complicating surgical or fracture sites, the proximal tibia of 11 dogs were experimentally infected with Staphylococcus aureus after creation of a cortical defect. The contralateral limb served as a sham-operated control. Animals were serially imaged by radiography, three-phase technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) scintigraphy, and 111In-Cl scintigraphy. There was a significant difference between infected (1.93) and noninfected (1.32) limb's tibia/femur count density ratios on 24-hr (p = 0.0001) and 72-hr (p = 0.0001) 111In-Cl images. A smaller difference was found for 99mTc-MDP bone-phase tibia/femur ratios (p = 0.0199). Using receiver operator characteristic analysis of tibia/femur ratios, a sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 88%, and positive (75%) and negative (79%) predictive values were determined for the 24-hr 111In-Cl images. Indium-111-chloride was superior to 99mTc-MDP in differentiating infected and noninfected operative sites.
Animals↗
Malignant lymphoma with cardiac and bone involvement in a dog.
Malignant lymphoma involving bone and heart was diagnosed in a 4-year-old Whippet, using radiography, histologic examination, nuclear scintigraphy of the skeleton and heart, and cardiac ultrasonography.
Animals↗
Familial immotile-cilia syndrome in English springer spaniel dogs.
A laboratory-maintained colony of English springer spaniel dogs heterozygous for a putative autosomal recessive immotile-cilia syndrome (ICS) has been studied. Matings between dogs thought to be heterozygous for ICS resulted in 22 pups, five (three males and two females) of which were homozygous for ICS. Four of the five ICS-affected dogs had chronic rhinitis and bronchopneumonia. The other dog had a serious nasal discharge and died at 10 days. Four dogs had situs inversus totalis (kartagener syndrome), and the two males of reproductive age were azoospermic. In the two ICS dogs studied for ciliary function, in vivo mucociliary clearance was absent, and in vitro ciliary beat was rarely observed and of low frequency. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy disclosed the same lesions in respiratory cilia from all dogs with ICS, including random orientation and partial outer dynein arm deficiency. Four of five dogs with ICS had dilated lateral ventricles. One female pup with neonatal rhinitis and bronchopneumonia, situs solitus, and dilated lateral ventricles was presumed to be homozygous for ICS, but died without functional or structural confirmation of defective respiratory cilia. An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for the ciliary defects and respiratory signs of ICS in these dogs is proposed.
Animals↗
Kartagener's syndrome in a chow chow dog with normal ciliary ultrastructure.
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Animals↗
Comparison of left ventricular ejection fractions determined in healthy anesthetized dogs by echocardiography and gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography.
Left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF) of 8 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were calculated by gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) and by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) prior to and during constant IV infusion of isoproterenol. Mean LVEF (+/- SD), determined with RVG by use of an automatic edge detection algorithm (RVG-auto) to define the left ventricular region of interest, increased from a resting value of 53.5% (+/- 4.9%) to 71.9% (+/- 6.8%) during isoproterenol infusion. Mean LVEF, determined with RVG by use of visual inspection (RVG-manual) to define the left ventricular region of interest increased from a resting value of 51.6% +/- 3.8% to 67.0% +/- 5.6% during isoproterenol infusion. Using 2-DE and the bullet formula to calculate left ventricular volume (LVV = 5/6 x cross-sectional area x length), mean LVEF increased from 52.3% (+/- 3.50) to 74.7% (+/- 5.0%). Using 2-DE area measurements and Teicholz formula, mean LVEF increased from 48.9% (+/- 5.1%) to 69.5% (+/- 6.0%). Using M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular diameter measurements and Teicholz formula, mean LVEF increased from 52.3 (+/- 9.0%) to 78.3% (+/- 8.1%). Before and during isoproterenol infusion, the mean LVEF values calculated by RVG agreed closely with mean LVEF values calculated from M-mode and 2-DE. Correlation coefficients determined from linear regression analysis of LVEF by echocardiography vs LVEF by radionuclide ventriculography ranged from 0.79 to 0.88. Correlation coefficients were higher and SEM were lower when LVEF was determined by RVG-manual, rather than by RVG-auto methods and when LVEF was calculated from 2-DE measurements, rather than from M-mode measurements.
Animals↗
Use of 99mTc diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for assessment of renal function in dogs with suspected renal disease.
The effectiveness of technetium 99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc DTPA) to assess renal function in 13 dogs with suspected renal disease was evaluated. Glomerular filtration rates (actual GFR) were determined on the basis of endogenous creatinine clearance. Predicted GFR were determined by using 99mTc DTPA within 72 hours after the determination of creatinine clearance. The percentage of an IV administered dose of 99mTc DTPA in the kidneys (percentage dose) was determined. Two equations were used to calculate predicted GFR, which were derived from previously reported linear regression analysis of inulin (In) and creatinine (Cr) GFR vs percentage dose 99mTc DTPA in dog kidneys. The correlations of actual GFR vs predicted GFR (In) and actual GFR vs predicted GFR (Cr) were both r = 0.92. The dogs' mean actual GFR was 1.73 +/- 1.35 ml/min/kg. Their mean predicted GFR (In) and predicted GFR (Cr) were 1.92 +/- 1.42 ml/min/kg and 1.85 +/- 1.27 ml/min/kg, respectively. Therefore, 99mTc DTPA can be used with high accuracy as an agent to predict GFR in dogs with suspected renal disease. The procedure for determining GFR by use of nuclear medicine was rapid and noninvasive and appeared to induce little stress in the animals evaluated.
Animals↗
Disseminated meningeal tumor in a dog.
A 6-year-old Golden Retriever was referred for evaluation of hind limb paresis and generalized weakness. Neurologic examination revealed multifocal cervical and lumbosacral spinal disease. Radiography and myelography failed to identify a lesion. Cerebrospinal fluid was markedly cellular and had a high protein concentration, consistent with myelitis or a neoplastic process. The dog did not improve with medical management. Gross and histologic examination of the brain and spinal cord revealed a thick meningeal surface characterized by polymorphic histiocytic-like cells to multinucleate giant cells. The neoplastic process was considered to be a disseminated meningeal polymorphic cell sarcoma.
Animals↗
Gradual occlusion of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs and cats using the ameroid constrictor.
Gradual occlusion of the splenic vein, using a specialized device (ameroid constrictor), was evaluated experimentally in three normal beagle dogs. Splenoportograms were used to verify that total occlusion of the splenic vein had occurred in all dogs within 4 to 5 weeks after application of the device. The ameroid constrictor (AC) was also evaluated as a method of gradual vascular occlusion in 12 dogs and two cats with single, extrahepatic, portosystemic shunts (PSS). Serum bile acid (SBA) concentrations were measured and portal scintigraphy (PS) was performed on all 14 animals preoperatively and 10, 20, 30, and 60 days postoperatively. Two dogs (14%) died from portal hypertension in the early postoperative period. One dog and one cat developed multiple acquired PSS, confirmed by mesenteric portography 90 days after the operation. Portal scintigraphy confirmed total occlusion of the primary shunt in the other 10 animals. Shunt fractions (SF), as measured by PS on postoperative days 30 and 60, declined significantly from preoperative values. Significant decreases were noted between preoperative and postoperative values for preprandial SBA on postoperative day 60 and for postprandial SBA on postoperative day 30. SBA concentrations did not correlate with SF. Based on this study, gradual vascular occlusion using the AC is recommended as a method for treatment of single, extrahepatic, PSS.
Animals↗
Radiographic, densitometric, and biomechanical effects of recombinant canine somatotropin in an unstable ostectomy gap model of bone healing in dogs.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of recombinant canine somatotropin (STH) on radiographic, densitometric, and biomechanical aspects of bone healing using an unstable ostectomy gap model. STUDY DESIGN: After an ostectomy of the midshaft radius, bone healing was evaluated over an 8-week period in control dogs (n = 4) and dogs receiving recombinant canine STH (n = 4). ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Eight sexually intact female Beagle dogs, 4 to 5 years old. METHODS: Bone healing was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative evaluation of serial radiographs every 2 weeks. Terminal dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and three-point bending biomechanical testing were also performed. RESULTS: Dogs receiving STH had more advanced radiographic healing of ostectomy sites. Bone area, bone mineral content, and bone density were two to five times greater at the ostectomy sites of treated dogs. Ultimate load at failure and stiffness were three and five times greater in dogs receiving STH. CONCLUSIONS: Using the ostectomy gap model, recombinant canine STH enhanced the radiographic, densitometric, and biomechanical aspects of bone healing in dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dogs at risk for delayed healing of fractures may benefit from treatment with recombinant canine STH.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
The use of colonic irrigation to control fecal incontinence in dogs with colostomies.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if once-daily colonic irrigation results in fecal continence for a 24-hour period in dogs with colostomies and if colonic volume increased in response to the irrigation. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective controlled experimental study. ANIMALS: Four intact male and one intact female mixed breed dogs. MATERIALS: All dogs received left end-on paralumbar colostomies. Four dogs received once-daily colonic irrigation for 8 weeks, whereas the control dog did not. Daily fecal weights were recorded for the length of the study in all dogs. Barium enema studies and volumetric studies were used to determine colonic volumes. RESULTS: Daily fecal weights were significantly decreased in treatment dogs compared with the control dog. Colonic volume increased in irrigated dogs in response to daily irrigation over the 8 week period of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic irrigation resulted in significantly decreased fecal production over a 24-hour period. Therefore management of dogs with colostomies would be more practical and cost effective. It did not result in complete fecal continence in this study. Further clinical studies are indicated to determine if longer periods of irrigation would result in complete continence.
Animals↗
Microvascular transplantation of a free omental graft to the distal extremity in dogs.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the survival of a free omental graft applied to an experimentally created wound on the distal extremity in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: A free omental graft was evaluated as a primary method of treatment for dogs with distal extremity wounds in an experimental model. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Five adult intact female mixed breed dogs weighing 21.8 kg to 25.0 kg. METHODS: A free omental graft was harvested from the abdomen and transferred to a wound bed overlying the medial aspect of the tibia. A microvascular anastomosis was performed between the graft vessels and vessels at the recipient site. Daily clinical assessment of graft viability was performed. Angiography and 99mTechnetium labeled macroaggregated albumin (99mTc MAA) scintigraphic perfusion scans were performed on either day 4, 5, or 7. Postmortem collection of tissues for histopathologic analysis was performed immediately after imaging. Total operative time and graft ischemia time were evaluated for effects on graft survival. RESULTS: Two of seven grafts survived to the end of the study, three of seven grafts failed because of ischemia, and two of seven grafts failed because of self-trauma. There was no clinically significant morbidity associated with the abdominal portion of the procedure. Because of the small number of surviving grafts, the effects of operative time and graft ischemia time could not be statistically evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Microvascular transplantation of a free omental graft can result in a viable tissue covering of a distal extremity wound, however, the failure rate is unacceptably high. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A free omental graft may not have sufficient durability to be an acceptable wound covering by itself. Further studies combining omentum with a skin graft or other tissues may result in a clinically useful technique.
Anastomosis, Surgical↗
Application of the pin-hole collimator in small animal nuclear scintigraphy: a review.
The pin-hole collimator is used to improve spatial resolution and magnify areas of interest. The pin-hole collimator has many applications in small animal veterinary scintigraphy. The principles of image formation for the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators are reviewed. The effects of distance on resolution and sensitivity are presented for the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators. Specific application of the pin-hole collimator in veterinary scintigraphy are discussed.
Animal Diseases↗
Parosteal osteosarcoma of the cervical vertebra in a dog.
A 12-year-old Maltese terrier was evaluated for progressive tetraparesis and neck pain. On radiographs, there was a periosteal reaction involving the fourth cervical vertebra. Myelographically, there was extradural compression of the spinal cord associated with the lesion. The dog was euthanized and necropsied. Histopathologic diagnosis was parosteal osteosarcoma of the vertebra.
Animals↗
The use of radionuclide angiography to study blood flow through endothelial cell seeded extrathoracic bypass grafts in the dog.
Endothelial seeding of vascular grafts has been shown to decrease graft thrombogenicity and prolong longevity when implanted in vivo. Previous studies have utilized anatomic grafts to study endothelialization and healing. Anatomic thoracoabdominal grafts do not allow for sequential biopsy for evaluation of individual grafts nor do they approximate the environment for long bypass grafts used in limb salvage. This study evaluated the use of an extra-anatomic aortic bypass graft to assess the healing of endothelial cell seeded expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). Radionuclide angiography was used to evaluate graft patency and quantify blood flow through the graft. Dogs underwent placement of an extra-anatomic 60 cm long, 8 mm internal diameter, graft seeded with autologous endothelium. Grafts were biopsied from 2 weeks up to 1 year. Radionuclide studies were performed postimplantation and following each graft biopsy. Graft placement and biopsies were well tolerated in all dogs. Biopsied segments of graft allowed for sequential studies of the healing of implanted grafts by scanning electron and light microscopy. Flow through the implanted graft was close to 50% of the total caudal abdominal aortic flow. No significant difference in graft flow was noted either between animals or over time.
Anastomosis, Surgical↗
Changes in renal function in cats following treatment of hyperthyroidism using 131I.
Changes in renal function of twenty-two cats treated for hyperthyroidism using radioiodine were evaluated. Serum thyroxine (T4), serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine specific gravity were measured before treatment and 6 and 30 days after treatment. Twenty-two cats had pretreatment and 21 cats had 6 day posttreatment measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using nuclear medicine imaging techniques. There were significant declines in serum T4 at 6 days following treatment, but the changes in GFR, serum creatinine and BUN were not significant. At 30 days following treatment, there were significant increases in BUN and serum creatinine and further significant declines in serum T4. Nine cats were in renal failure prior to treatment and 13 cats were in renal failure 30 days following treatment. Renal failure was defined as BUN greater than 30 mg/dl and/or serum creatinine greater than 1.8 mg/dl with concurrent urine specific gravity less than 1.035. These 13 cats included eight of 9 cats in renal failure prior to treatment and 5 cats not previously in renal failure. Follow up information beyond 30 days following treatment on 9 of these 13 cats indicated that all remained in renal failure. Based on receiver operating curve analysis of pretreatment glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in predicting posttreatment renal failure, a value of 2.25 ml/kg/min as a point of maximum sensitivity (100%) and specificity (78%) was derived. Fifteen of 22 cats had pretreatment GFR measurements of less than 2.25 ml/kg/min. These 15 cats included all 9 cats in renal failure and 5 cats with normal renal clinicopathologic values prior to treatment. At 30 days following treatment, 13 of these 15 cats were in renal failure. The 2 cats not in renal failure had persistently increased serum T4 values. Seven of 22 cats had pretreatment GFR measurements greater than 2.25 ml/kg/min. None of these 7 cats was in renal failure at 30 days following treatment, all cats having normal BUN, serum creatinine, and urine specific gravity values. It was concluded that significant declines in renal function occur after treatment of hyperthyroidism and this decline is clinically important in cats with renal disease. Pretreatment measurement of GFR is valuable in detecting subclinical renal disease and in predicting which cats may have clinically important declines in renal function following treatment.
Animals↗
Quantitative 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy in normal beagles.
This study was done to investigate the validity of published canine thyroid/salivary (T/S) ratios of approximately 1 in normal dogs and to determine thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate (pertechnetate) measured as percent uptake of injected dose. These parameters were evaluated in 13 Beagle dogs over a 4 hour period. Mean +/- standard deviation (SD) and median T/S ratios of 1.2 +/- 0.3 and 1.1 were essentially the same at twenty minutes and 1 hour. T/S values ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 at 20 minutes and from 0.8 to 2.4 at 1 hour. T/S ratio values progressively declined over the subsequent time intervals with mean +/- SD and median values of 0.6 +/- 0.2 and 0.6, respectively, measured at 4 hours. The mean +/- SD maximum percent dose uptake of pertechnetate within the thyroid gland was 0.55% +/- 0.15% with a range of 0.28% to 0.90%. The mean +/- SD time interval from injection of pertechnetate to maximum uptake within the thyroid gland was 160 +/- 55 minutes with a range 31-240 minutes. The data derived from this study of normal dogs may be useful in the evaluation of dogs with thyroidal diseases including hypothyroidism.
Animals↗
Nuclear medicine cases presented as part of the 1997 A.C.V.R. Oral Certification Examination: diagnostic nuclear medicine elective.
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Animals↗