Talk that works: the rise of cognitive behaviour therapy.
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
Biomedical subjects
G Andrews
Publications and source records attributed to G Andrews.
The Post-surgical Treatment of the Bariatric Patient: Helping the Patient Succeed.
BACKGROUND: A psychological profile of the average bariatric patient demonstrates psychopathology that may contribute to patient noncompliance with post-surgical treatment guidelines. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patient psychopathology is analyzed with regard to noncompliance and its contribution to poor surgical outcome. The interpersonal process approach is reviewed as a psychotherapeutic framework that provides interventions to patient psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of patient psychopathology with the interpersonal process approach encourages post-surgical compliance and helps patients succeed.
Journal Article↗
Do specific anxiety disorders show specific drug problems?
OBJECTIVE: Comorbidity between anxiety and substance use disorders was examined. The hypothesis was tested that social phobics may report greater problem alcohol use (if alcohol is used to manage social anxiety) while problem use of sedative-hypnotics may be greater in people with panic (who may be over-prescribed anxiolytics because they repeatedly seek medical assistance). METHOD: Self-reported lifetime rates of drug and alcohol problems were assessed with the computerised Diagnostic Interview Schedule-Revised. Subjects were 146 consecutive patients treated for panic disorder (with and without agoraphobia) and social phobia at the Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety Disorders. RESULTS: High prevalences of alcohol problems (three times that expected) and problem use of sedative hypnotics (eight times that expected) were found in all diagnoses. Social phobics exhibited comparatively high rates of problem alcohol use, but no diagnostic specific differences in problem sedative-hypnotic use were found. CONCLUSION: Routine screening for drug and alcohol problems is necessary for patients with anxiety disorders.
Adult↗
Comorbidity and the general neurotic syndrome.
The observation that people with an anxiety or depressive disorder also have an increased likelihood of having had other anxiety or depressive disorders in their lifetime means either that the separate causes of these disorders have aggregated, much more than chance would allow, or that some general vulnerability factor has made them liable to each and all of the disorders they report. In this paper, three separate sources of information-symptoms occurring in the general population, disorders occurring in the general population, and disorders occurring in patients who have sought treatment-are reviewed. In all three domains of information, a general vulnerability factor, associated with personality trait measures of high trait anxiety and poor coping, emerges as a principal cause of these symptoms or disorders, and accounts for the majority of the variation in the comorbidity of symptoms or disorders. This vulnerability factor is shown to be under substantial gentic control. Nevertheless it can be modified by appropriate treatment, and prevention strategies exist to reduce the incidence of the anxiety and depressive disorders.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Nasosinusal fungal granuloma--clinical profile.
Fifty cases of nasosinusal fungal granuloma were admitted under the ENT Department in a teaching tertiary care hospital in India during a thirteen-year period. Aspergillus species was found to be the most common causative fungus (29) followed by Mucorales (14), Entomophthorales (5) and Fusarium (2) species. There were 13 cases of non-invasive and 16 cases of invasive variants of Aspergillosis. In spite of intravenous amphotericin B therapy and radical surgical debridement, 81% in the invasive group showed relapse and required prolonged oral antifungal drugs and multiple surgical procedures. Among the 14 cases of Mucormycosis, all of the 10 cases who received intravenous amphotericin B and radical surgery showed complete recovery with no relapse over a period of 2 to 10 years. This is contrary to earlier published reports which suggest poor prognosis. The entomophthoromycosis received oral steroids and cotrimoxazole, and oral potassium iodide or intravenous amphotericin in case of relapse. Both the cases of Fusariosis recovered completely with oral ketoconazole.
Adolescent↗
Procedural validity of the computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto) in the anxiety disorders.
The procedural validity of the computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto) was examined against the consensus diagnoses of two clinicians for six anxiety disorders (agoraphobia, panic disorder (+/- agoraphobia), social phobia, simple phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive episode (MDE)). Clinicians had available to them all data obtained over a 2- to 10-month period. Subjects were 98 patients accepted for treatment at an Anxiety Disorders Clinic, thus, all subjects had at least one of the diagnoses being examined. While the CIDI-Auto detected 88.2% of the clinician diagnoses, it identified twice as many diagnoses as did the clinicians. The sensitivity of the CIDI-Auto was above 0.85 except for GAD, which had a sensitivity of 0.29. The specificity of the CIDI-Auto was lower (range: 0.47-0.99). The agreement between the CIDI-Auto and the clinician diagnoses, as measured by intraclass kappas, ranged from poor (kappa = 0.02; GAD) to excellent (kappa = 0.81; OCD), with a fair level of agreement overall (kappa = 0.40). Canonical correlation analysis suggested that the discrepancies between the CIDI-Auto and clinicians were not due to different diagnostic distinctions being made. It is suggested that the CIDI-Auto may have a lower threshold for diagnosing anxiety disorders than do experienced clinicians. It is concluded that, in a sample where all subjects have at least one anxiety disorder diagnosis, the CIDI-Auto has acceptable validity.
Adult↗
Clinical practice, measurement and information technology.
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Confidentiality↗
Continuities between psychiatric disorders in adolescents and personality disorders in young adults.
OBJECTIVE: Personality disorders are a major mental health problem, but little information about their etiology and natural history is available. This study examined continuities between axis I disorders in adolescents and personality disorders in young adults. METHOD: The authors interviewed 145 young adults (mean age, 19.6 years) who had been diagnosed with a variety of DSM-III emotional and disruptive disorders during adolescence (mean age, 13.7 years). The Personality Disorder Examination was used to establish whether the subjects currently suffered from personality disorders. RESULTS: Subjects who had had disruptive disorders during adolescence showed high rates of all types of personality disorders (40% had a personality disorder at follow-up), while subjects who had had emotional disorders had a lower rate of personality disorders (12%). Men were more likely to have cluster A personality disorders, and women were more likely to have cluster C personality disorders. Disruptive diagnoses were associated with cluster B personality disorders, but emotional disorders did not show an association with cluster C personality disorders. Oppositional disorder did not increase the likelihood of passive-aggressive personality disorder. There was an association between attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and borderline personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of personality disorders was lower among young adults who had had emotional disorders during adolescence than among those who had had disruptive disorders, suggesting either that treatment for emotional disorders is more effective or that the personality psychopathology in these adolescents is not as severe as that in adolescents with disruptive disorders.
Adolescent↗
A Psychological Profile of the Bariatric Patient with Implications for Treatment.
BACKGROUND: Psychological testing of the bariatric patient utilizing instruments such as the MMPI have not proven useful in predicting successful weight loss following bariatric surgery. This has led many physicians and professionals who treat bariatric patients to believe that psychological testing is of no value. This paper discusses three instruments and the psychological profile of the average bariatric patient that they provide, and how the profile may be of benefit to the bariatric patient and to professionals who treat them. METHODS: The profile to be presented was obtained from the statistical analysis of the tests of 70 patients selected by random sample from a population of 695 patients. RESULTS: Results suggest that the average bariatric patient is mentally healthy and free of any psychological disorders contraindicating surgery. Although mentally healthy, the results suggest that the average bariatric patient does have a number of attitudes, behaviors, and personality traits which may sabotage weight lost following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The psychological profile obtained from the data provides valuable information toward the development of a comprehensive treatment program designed to improve these potentially sabotaging attitudes, behaviors, and personality traits, in order to facilitate successful weight loss following bariatric surgery.
Journal Article↗
Workforce deployment: reconciling demands and resources.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to review the information in a Consultancy prepared for the National Mental Health Policy which suggested that half of the people with serious mental illnesses were untreated, while persons with "mental problems" were being overserviced by the specialist mental health services. The fate of the large group of persons with mental disorders of mid-range severity was not addressed. METHOD: Epidemiological data was reconciled with the service patterns of the clinical workforce and the extent of the unmet need estimated. RESULTS: It was estimated that 25-30% of the Australian population meet criteria for a mental disorder in any year, yet less than one third will receive treatment. Of those that are treated, three quarters will receive their treatment from general practitioners and the remaining quarter will be treated by either the public mental health services, the addition services, or private psychiatrists. The problem is that less than one half of those with serious mental disorders and only two thirds of those with chronic and disabling disorders appear to be being treated by anyone. Even if there were no slippage of services away from these serious and chronic groups of patients, there would still be a workforce shortfall, especially in rural and remote areas. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies to remedy this shortfall that involve psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and general practitioners are noted, and the need for a National Mental Health Survey to provide accurate data is stressed.
Australia↗
A comparison of two structured diagnostic interviews: CIDI and SCAN.
The relationship between and the inter-rater reliability of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) for anxiety and depressive disorders were explored. The CIDI and the SCAN were administered by trained interviewers in counterbalanced order. A subsample of interviews was observed to determine the inter-rater reliability of the instruments. Subjects were 101 patients accepted for treatment at an Anxiety Disorders Clinic; 29 of the 101 patients participated in the inter-rater reliability study. Concordance between the instruments as measured by canonical correlation analysis was moderate for current (r = 0.69, p = 0.05) and for lifetime (r = 0.66, p = 0.05) diagnoses. Inter-rater reliability of the CIDI was perfect (overall intraclass kappa = 1.00), and of the SCAN was good (overall intraclass kappa = 0.67). It is concluded that although the two instruments made similar diagnostic distinctions, the clinical judgment involved in administering the SCAN resulted in the more moderate levels of agreement between the interviewer and observer than those found for the CIDI.
Adult↗
Potent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase by simple phosphotyrosine peptides derived from insulin receptor substrate 1 containing two YMXM motifs for binding SH2 domains.
The phosphotyrosine form of the major substrate for the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), associates with and activates the enzyme phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PtdIns 3'-kinase). IRS-1 contains nine potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites within YMXM or YXXM sequences known to bind to the two SH2 domains on the 85-kDa regulatory subunit of PtdIns 3'-kinase. We used sequences within IRS-1 as a model for synthesizing phosphotyrosine and nonhydrolyzable phosphonotyrosine peptides containing two YMXM motifs and tested them for their ability to bind to the SH2 domains of PtdIns 3'-kinase and stimulate its activity. We demonstrated for the first time that IRS-1-derived peptides containing two tyrosine phosphorylated YMXM motifs are capable of stimulating PtdIns 3'-kinase activity in the cytosol of 3T3-L1 adipocytes at nanomolar concentrations, similar to that required by purified phosphoryl-IRS-1 [Lamphere, M., Carpenter, C. L., Sheng, Z., Kallen, R. G., & Lienhard, G. E. (1994) Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Endocrinol. Metab. 29), E486-E489] and the extent of activation by these peptides was similar to that seen by maximal stimulation of cells with insulin. In contrast, those phosphotyrosine peptides containing only a single YMXM motif were able to stimulate PtdIns 3'-kinase activity only at concentrations over 10 microM. We conclude from these results that the high-affinity activation of PtdIns 3'-kinase requires the simultaneous binding of two phosphorylated YMXM motifs on IRS-1 to the two SH2 domains of PtdIns 3'-kinase.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Appraisal of danger and proximity in social phobics.
A central tenet in Beck's theory of anxiety and phobias is that appraisal of danger in phobic individuals increases with increasing proximity to a feared situation. Appraisal of danger in social phobics and a control group of stutterers was compared before, during and following a challenging task (pubic speech). Support for Beck's theory was not found. Social phobics danger appraisals were greatest in anticipation of a speech. In contrast, the control group's danger appraisals were highest when in the situation. State anxiety paralleled the pattern observed for danger appraisal. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to current theories of maintenance of phobias.
Adult↗
Proximity and anticipation of a negative outcome in phobias.
Thirty-five patients being treated for one of three anxiety disorders were asked to rate the likelihood of a negative outcome prior to entering a feared situation, while in the situation and after leaving the situation. Ratings made in anticipation were consistently higher than ratings made either in the situation or after leaving it. In contrast, normal Ss, about to undertake tourist rides perceived as being mildly dangerous, rated the likelihood of negative outcome as highest when actually in the situation.
Adult↗
Constructive advice for a poorly understood problem: treatment and management of premenstrual syndrome.
While women are increasingly seeking therapeutic help for premenstrual syndrome, lack of understanding of its aetiology means treatment focuses more on the symptoms than the underlying cause. A sympathetic approach based on counselling, practical advice and reassurance, however, can help many women to tackle the symptoms before they become more severe.
Counseling↗
Sending your teenagers away. Controlled stress decreases neurotic vulnerability.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of a controlled stressor on the rate of personality maturity. DESIGN: Eighteen-month prospective controlled study. SETTING: General community. INTERVENTION EXPERIMENTAL: Exposed to the stress of 12 months' intercultural experience. CONTROL: Remained in usual environment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: A measure of personality vulnerability/maturity derived from a canonical correlational combination of trait anxiety, locus of control, and defense style. RESULTS: Exchange students exposed to the stressor made significantly greater gains in personality maturity (0.28 vs 0.03 SD: P < or = .01) than did the control students matched on this measure at baseline. CONCLUSION: Exchange students exposed to the stress of living abroad showed a substantial decrease in vulnerability, which should decrease the risk of future neurotic disorders in this group.
Adolescent↗
Property issues in practice.
This article discusses legal issues relating to property ownership. The primary focus is on land use control laws such as zoning ordinances. Cases involving legal questions over the location and operation of veterinary clinics are discussed. An explanation of how land use contracts work and how veterinarians may encounter them is included. The application of nuisance law is reviewed, and representative cases are discussed. Also included is a discussion of property liability issues and what veterinarians can do to avoid litigation.
Animals↗
Parental 'affectionless control' as an antecedent to adult depression: a risk factor refined.
It has been well established that individuals with a history of depression report their parents as being less caring and more overprotective of them than do controls. 'Affectionless control' in childhood has thus been proposed as a risk factor for depression. Evidence is presented from a logistic regression analysis of data from a volunteer community sample that lack of care rather than over-protection is the primary risk factor. No evidence for an interaction effect of low care and over-protection was found.
Adolescent↗