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Biomedical subjects

G A Colditz

Publications and source records attributed to G A Colditz.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Use of statistical analysis in the New England Journal of Medicine.

A sorting of the statistical methods used by authors of the 760 research and review articles in Volumes 298 to 301 of The New England Journal of Medicine indicates that a reader who is conversant with descriptive statistics (percentages, means, and standard deviations) has statistical access to 58 per cent of the articles. Understanding t-tests increases this access to 67 per cent. The addition of contingency tables gives statistical access to 73 per cent of the articles. Familiarity with each additional statistical method gradually increases the percentage of accessible articles. Original Articles use statistical techniques more extensively than other articles in the Journal. Research studies based on a longitudinal design make heavier use of statistics than do those using a cross-sectional design. The tabulations in this study should aid clinicians and medical investigators who are planning their continuing education in statistical methods, and faculty who design or teach courses in quantitative methods for medical and health professionals.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1983

The Australian Health Survey. Implications of reported accidents for medical education.

An analysis of the Australian Health Survey was made to define the health needs of our society. The high number of people who consult physicians outside hospitals, and the extent of accidents as a cause of morbidity are in contrast with the emphasis of current medical training. The potential value of incorporating Health Survey and national census data into curriculum planning is emphasized.

Accidents↗
PubMed1983

Medical education meeting community needs.

As the scientific foundation of clinical practice has expanded the caring aspect of medicine has been given less emphasis. The development of a paradigm of medicine based on achieving a diagnosis has resulted in neglect of this caring aspect of medicine in education programmes. This has contributed to the current failing of doctors to meet community needs in terms of caring as opposed to curing in medicine. Change in the structure and emphasis of clinical training is necessary in order that graduates meet community needs.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1982

The impact of instructional style on the development of professional characteristics.

First-year subjects were rated according to Basil Bernstein's concepts as to the degree of classification and framing they involved. Students were then asked to rate the degree to which each subject encouraged, discouraged or neither encouraged nor discouraged cognitive, interpersonal and professional skills. It was found that subjects which were strongly classified and framed only encouraged skills required for factual recall. Weakly classified and framed subjects failed to encourage these skills but encouraged self-educative, interpersonal and professional skills. It was concluded that changing either the type or quantity of content in a curriculum will not effect the acquisition of these latter skills. Teaching styles and curriculum structure must also be amended.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1981

A rosy light.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1980

The students' view of an innovative undergraduate medical course: the first year at the University of Newcastle, N.S.W.

An innovative medical course commenced in 1978 in a new medical school at the University of Newcastle. An evaluation of the student response to the first year of this course was carried out. This evaluation aimed to assess how far the students had progressed towards the attainment of the long-term Faculty objectives on which the Newcastle curriculum is based. Students' perceptions of educational innovations were obtained and compared with the Faculty's stated aims. Students felt that they could approach a problem scientifically, in a manner consistent with the Faculty's specified methods. In the area of team work, students had accepted the need for training in team skills as preparation for work after graduation. Students have adapted to the use of objectives, to assessment for competence, and to the marking of one another's papers. These methods had been introduced to facilitate the development of skills necessary for independent and continuing self-education. Patient contact was designated as the greatest strength of the first year. Students expressed concern for patient well-being and the influence of student activities on patients. This indicated that students had progressed some way towards the attainment of the Faculty objective that they should develop an humanitarian approach to patients.

Australia↗
PubMed1980

Determination of aims for an undergraduate general practitioner apprenticeship.

This study was undertaken to clarify the goals of the clinical general practitioner attachment scheme at the University of Queensland. Emphasis was placed on comparing the aims of the academics, the general practitioner preceptors and the students. Prior to the 2-week attachments students selected a different set of goals from those selected by academics and preceptors as most important. However, after the apprenticeship the students changed the goals in the direction of the preceptors'. Students' rating of the perceived level of achievement of the goals showed that the degree of correspondence between goals set by University teachers, preceptors and students was a good predictor of a successful learning experience. This study further suggests that teaching of Community Practice should not rest solely on apprenticeship schemes since preceptors' aims will largely determine the material learnt in the placement to the exclusion of more innovative academic goals.

Australia↗
PubMed1980

Voluntary attachments of preclinical medical students to rural practitioners in Queensland.

This study evaluates the attachment of preclinical medical students to rural general practitioners in Queensland. The expectations of participating students were assessed before the experience, and compared with their realizations. Perceptions of their own clinical skills, and the type of medicine they want to practise were assessed both before and after. Doctors taking part felt stimulated by the experience, and confimed that the presence of a student is readily accepted by patients, and causes minimal practice disruption. Students saw this attachment as providing motivation for their further studies, and relevance to their preclinical work. Clinical sophistication would not appear to be necessary for considerable benefit to be derived from the experience.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1979

Preregistration training of medical graduates in Queensland hospitals, 1977.

This paper reports a survey of the 1976 graduates of The University of Queensland Medical School which was conducted as they completed their preregistration training. Study of the residents' perceptions of the adequacy of their training during the year revealed no significant difference between hospitals in terms of training in patient management. The nonmetropolitan hospitals were rated significantly higher than the metropolitan hospitals for training in procedures.

Australia↗
PubMed1978

Queensland's rural practitioners: background and motivations.

In view of the continuing maldistribution of medical manpower, this study was undertaken in order to delineate the backgrounds and motivating factors influencing choice of practice by rural practitioners in Queensland. Of those doctors in rural practice 38% had spent more than 10 years of their childhood in a rural environment. Interest of work and variety of practice were most consistently designated as attractions of rural practice, while the factor designated as the greatest attraction of rural practice was the variety of practice. The major disadvantages of rural practice were: (i) restricted opportunities for continuing education; (ii) difficulty obtaining adequate locum assistance for holidays and continuing education; and (iii) professional isolation. The prime reasons doctors had for choosing their present practice were the practice conditions (31.3%), and geographical location (20.9%).

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1978

Workload in rural practice: implications for education and health service structure.

In view of the reported maldistribution of medical manpower in Queensland, this study was undertaken to establish the effects of such a maldistribution on the workload and range of work performed by rural practioners. Rural practitioners were found to have a higher patient contact rate per week, and to perform more surgery and obstetrics than do their city counterparts.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical activity, obesity, height, and the risk of pancreatic cancer.

CONTEXT: Diabetes mellitus and elevated postload plasma glucose levels have been associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in previous studies. By virtue of their influence on insulin resistance, obesity and physical inactivity may increase risk of pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE: To examine obesity, height, and physical activity in relation to pancreatic cancer risk. DESIGN AND SETTING: Two US cohort studies conducted by mailed questionnaire, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (initiated in 1986) and the Nurses' Health Study (initiated in 1976), with 10 to 20 years of follow-up. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 46 648 men aged 40 to 75 years and 117 041 women aged 30 to 55 years who were free of prior cancer at baseline and had complete data on height and weight. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative risk of pancreatic cancer, analyzed by self-reported body mass index (BMI), height, and level of physical activity. RESULTS: During follow-up, we documented 350 incident pancreatic cancer cases. Individuals with a BMI of at least 30 kg/m(2) had an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer compared with those with a BMI of less than 23 kg/m(2) (multivariable relative risk [RR], 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.48). Height was associated with an increased pancreatic cancer risk (multivariable RR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.31-2.52 for the highest vs lowest categories). An inverse relation was observed for moderate activity (multivariable RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29-0.70 for the highest vs lowest categories; P for trend <.001). Total physical activity was not associated with risk among individuals with a BMI of less than 25 kg/m(2) but was inversely associated with risk among individuals with a BMI of at least 25 kg/m(2) (pooled multivariable RR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.94 for the top vs bottom tertiles of total physical activity; P for trend =.04). CONCLUSION: In 2 prospective cohort studies, obesity significantly increased the risk of pancreatic cancer. Physical activity appears to decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer, especially among those who are overweight.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of a youth/adolescent food frequency questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: To address limited longitudinal nutrition data on children and adolescents, a self-administered food frequency questionnaire was designed for older children and adolescents. Initially, the Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire (YAQ) was developed and demonstrated to be reproducible. This study was conducted to evaluate its validity. METHODS: The form was administered twice to a sample of 261 youths (ages 9 to 18) at an approximate interval of 1 year (1993-1994), and three 24-hr dietary recalls were collected during this period. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated on nutrient data. RESULTS: Validity was first evaluated by comparing the average of the three 24-hr recalls to the average of the two YAQs. Similar mean nutrients were found by both methods. Correlation coefficients between the mean energy-adjusted nutrients computed by the two methods ranged from 0.21 for sodium to 0.58 for folate. After correction for within-person error, the average correlation coefficient was 0.54, similar to that found among adults. CONCLUSION: A simple self-administered questionnaire completed by older children and adolescents can provide nutritional information about this age group.

Adolescent↗