Biomedical subjects

Feng Chen

Publications and source records attributed to Feng Chen.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Preparative isolation and purification of bergapten and imperatorin from the medicinal plant Cnidium monnieri using high-speed counter-current chromatography by stepwise increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase.

A high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method was developed for the preparative separation and purification of bergapten and imperatorin from the Chinese medicinal plant Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson. The crude extract was obtained by extraction with ethanol from the dried fruits of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson under sonication. Preparative HSCCC with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (5:5:5:5, v/v/v/v) was successfully performed by increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase stepwise from 1.0 to 2.0 ml min(-1) after 180 min. The components purified and collected were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The method yielded 45.8 mg of bergapten at 96.5% purity and 118.3 mg of imperatorin at 98.2% purity from 500 mg of the crude extract in a single run. The recoveries of bergapten and imperatorin were 92.1 and 93.7%, respectively.

5-Methoxypsoralen↗

PubMed2004

Separation methods used for Scutellaria baicalensis active components.

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Its roots have been used for anti-inflammation, anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial infections of the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tract, cleaning away heat, moistening aridity, purging fire, detoxifying toxicosis, reducing the total cholesterol level and decreasing blood pressures. Baicalin, baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A are its main active components. This review provides an overview of various separation, detection, and identification techniques employed for the quantitative and qualitative determination of these active components. Applications of high-performance liquid chromatography, high-speed counter-current chromatography, thin layer chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography to the separation and determination of these active components are described. Examples of identification of these active components and their metabolites in complex matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are also presented. The advantages and limitations of these separation and identification methods are assessed and discussed.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2004

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists promote TRAIL-induced apoptosis by reducing survivin levels via cyclin D3 repression and cell cycle arrest.

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising cancer therapy that preferentially induces apoptosis in cancer cells. However, many neoplasms are resistant to TRAIL by mechanisms that are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that human breast cancer cells, but not normal mammary epithelial cells, are dramatically sensitized to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and caspase activation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class. Although TZDs do not significantly alter the expression of components of the TRAIL signaling pathway, they profoundly reduce protein levels of cyclin D3, but not other D-type cyclins, by decreasing cyclin D3 mRNA levels and by inducing its proteasomal degradation. Importantly, both TRAIL sensitization and reduction in cyclin D3 protein levels induced by TZDs are likely PPARgamma-independent because a dominant negative mutant of PPARgamma did not antagonize these effects of TZDs, nor were they affected by the expression levels of PPARgamma. TZDs also inhibit G(1) to S cell cycle progression. Furthermore, silencing cyclin D3 by RNA interference inhibits S phase entry and sensitizes breast cancer cells to TRAIL, indicating a key role for cyclin D3 repression in these events. G(1) cell cycle arrest sensitizes breast cancer cells to TRAIL at least in part by reducing levels of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin: ectopic expression of survivin partially suppresses apoptosis induced by TRAIL and TZDs. We also demonstrate for the first time that TZDs promote TRAIL-induced apoptosis of breast cancer in vivo, suggesting that this combination may be an effective therapy for cancer.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed2004

Rat cerebral ischemia induced with photochemical occlusion of proximal middle cerebral artery: a stroke model for MR imaging research.

A stroke model in rats with photochemically induced thrombosis (PIT) of proximal cerebral middle artery (MCA) is introduced for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. Thirty-seven rats subjected to surgical and optical procedures for inducing the PIT models were scanned using a 1.5-T scanner with T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and contrast-enhanced perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) at 1 h and 24 h after MCA occlusion. The penumbra evolution and PWI-derived parameters including relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were monitored; and the relative lesion size (RLS) was compared with the final RLS on the gold standard triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining at 24 h. The results showed that the focal cerebral ischemic lesions were detectable in all rats with different MR approaches. The lesion on PWI at 1 h and on all MR images at 24 h was matched well with that seen on TTC staining; the peri-infarct area decreased from 6.2 +/- 7.2% of the brain volume at 1 h to 0.3 +/- 5.6% at 24 h. Compared to that in the contralateral hemisphere, rCBV in ischemic region was 52.6 +/- 21.4 and 40.0 +/- 15.8% (p > 0.05), and rCBF was 64.6 +/- 11.2 and 47.3 +/- 11.1% (p < 0.05) at 1 h and 24 h respectively. The present PIT model in rats has been successfully adopted for MRI research, which might be feasible for certain stroke studies and should be beneficial for the evaluation on effects of potential diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Visualization of stroke with clinical MR imagers in rats: a feasibility study.

This experiment was conducted in compliance with the guidelines of the International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis and the current institutional regulations for use and care of laboratory animals. The purpose of the present study was to report the feasibility of using clinical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging devices for depiction of stroke in a rat model. Twenty-four rats with photochemically induced thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery were examined at superacute (1 hour, n = 24), acute (12 hours, n = 12), and subacute (24 hours, n = 12) phases with 1.5-T MR imaging weighted for T1, T2, diffusion, and gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced perfusion. With reasonable signal-to-noise ratio and imaging times, ischemic lesions were well distinguished on MR images as validated qualitatively and quantitatively with postmortem standard-of-reference techniques, including volume-rendered computed tomography, microangiography, and histochemistry. In the superacute phase, the perfusion defect at perfusion-weighted MR imaging was well matched with microangiographic and pathologic findings (P > .05). There was no difference in lesion size at perfusion-weighted MR imaging between superacute and subacute phases (P > .05). Performance of certain stroke-related research in rats is feasible with clinical MR imagers.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Odor-active headspace components in fermented red rice in the presence of a monascus species.

Headspace components from rice and agar with (experimental) and without (control) inoculation with a Monascus spp. were investigated. Kinetics studies were carried out. Using rice as a substrate, 10 and 19 compounds were found for the control and the experimental groups, respectively, at day 14. Experimental group compounds were composed mainly of alcohols, ketones, and esters, whereas control group compounds were composed of aldehydes and ketones. With agar as a substrate, only five and three components were found in the control and experimental groups, respectively. Five alcohols, four esters, two ketones, and one furan with odor activity values (OAV) >1 dominated the overall flavor of the product. With liquid inoculation, the first six components with high OAVs were in the following order: 3-methyl-1-butanol (17) > ethanol (14) > ethyl acetate (10) > 2-methyl-1-propanol (15) > ethyl butanoate (11) > 3-methylbutyl acetate (13). Kinetic studies showed that most compounds reached their maximum concentrations at 10-12 days. Many compounds identified in the model red rice were reported in commercial red sufus, and several appeared to contribute solely by red rice.

Fermentation↗

PubMed2004

Preparative isolation and purification of gastrodin from the Chinese medicinal plant Gastrodia elata by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

Gastrodia elata Blume is a famous Chinese medicinal plant, which has been widely used for the treatment of rheumatism, epilepsy, paralysis, hemiplegia, lumbago, headache and vertigo. High-speed counter-current chromatography was successfully used for the first time for the preparative isolation and purification of the bioactive component gastrodin from G. elata Blume. The crude gastrodin was obtained by extraction with ethanol from the dried roots of G. elata Blume under sonication. Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (2:3:5, v/v/v) was successfully performed yielding 48 mg gastrodin at 96% purity from 500 mg of the crude extract (10.3% gastrodin) with the recovery of approximately 90% in a one-step separation.

Benzyl Alcohols↗

PubMed2004

5-HT2A/2C receptor and 5-HT transporter densities in mice prone or resistant to chronic high-fat diet-induced obesity: a quantitative autoradiography study.

The present study examined the density of 5-HT2A/2C receptors and 5-HT transporters in the brains of chronic high-fat diet-induced obese (cDIO) and obese-resistant (cDR) mice. Thirty-five male mice were used in this study. Twenty-eight mice were fed with a high-fat diet (40% of calories from fat) for 6 weeks and then classified as the cDIO (n=8) or cDR (n=8) mice according to the highest and lowest body weight gainers. Seven mice were placed on a low-fat diet (LF: 10% of calories from fat) and were used as controls. After 20 weeks of feeding, the sum of epididymal, perirenal, omental and inguinal fat masses was 9.3+/-0.3 g in the cDIO group versus 3.1+/-0.5 g in the cDR (p<0.005) and 1.5+/-0.1 g in the LF (p<0.001) groups. Using quantitative autoradiography techniques, the binding site densities of 5-HT2A/2C receptors and 5-HT transporters were measured in multiple brain sections of mice from the three groups. Most regions did not differ between groups but, importantly, the cDIO mice had a significantly higher 5-HT2A/2C binding density in the anterior olfactory nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) compared to the cDR and LF mice (+39% and +47%, p=0.003 and 0.045, respectively), whereas the latter two groups did not differ. The density of 5-HT2A/2C receptors in the VMH was associated with total amount of fat mass (r=0.617, p=0.032). On the other hand, the cDR mice had significantly lower 5-HT transporter binding than the cDIO and LF mice, respectively, in the nucleus accumbens (-44%, -38%, both p<0.02), central nucleus of the amygdaloid nucleus (-40%, -44%, p=0.003 and 0.009), and olfactory tubercle nucleus (-42%, -42%, both p=0.03). In conclusion, this study has demonstrated differentially regulated levels of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor and 5-HT transporter in specific brain regions of the cDIO and cDR mice. It provides neural anatomical bases by which genetic variability in 5-HT2A/2C receptors and 5-HT transporter may influence satiety and sensory aspects of energy balance.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

Preparative isolation and purification of chuanxiongzine from the medicinal plant Ligusticum chuanxiong by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort has been used widely in traditional medicines for the treatment of various kinds of disorders such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. High-speed counter-current chromatography was applied to the isolation and purification of the bioactive component chuanxiongzine from L. chuanxiong Hort. The crude chuanxiongzine was obtained by extraction with ethanol from the dried roots of L. chuanxiong Hort under sonication. Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (5:5:3:7, v/v) was successfully performed yielding 11.5 mg chuanxiongzine at 96.8% purity from 300 mg of the crude extract (4.2% chuanxiongzine) with the recovery of 91% in a one-step separation.

Countercurrent Distribution↗

PubMed2004

Microplasmin reduces ischemic brain damage and improves neurological function in a rat stroke model monitored with MRI.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Microplasmin (microPli), a derivative of plasmin lacking the 5 "kringle" domains, was studied in a rat thrombotic stroke model with MRI monitoring. METHODS: Brain ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion with photochemically induced thrombosis. Brain tissue damage was assessed at 1 hour and 24 hours after MCA occlusion by MRI and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Neurological symptoms were scored at 24 hours. Animals with insufficient evidence of significant jeopardized brain tissue on perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) at 1 hour were excluded before randomization. Included animals were randomized (blinded) to controls (solvent), 7.5 or 10 mg/kg microPli, administered as an intravenous bolus 90 minutes after MCA occlusion (n=8 per dose group). RESULTS: microPli treatment reduced cerebral damage measured by TTC staining at 24 hours, from 250+/-69 mm3 (mean+/-SD) in controls to 150+/-30 and 170+/-62 mm3 with 7.5 and 10 mg/kg microPli, respectively; it reduced the expansion of the PWI positive area between 1 and 24 hours, and it reduced neurological deficits from a Bederson score of 7 (6 to 9) in controls to 4.5 (3 to 8) and 4 (3 to 6), with 7.5 and 10 mg/kg microPli, respectively (median and rangeP<0.05 for each dose versus controls for all parameters). CONCLUSIONS: Bolus intravenous microPli given 90 minutes after thrombotic MCA occlusion in rats reduces cerebral ischemic damage and improves neurological dysfunction, suggesting that microPli could be beneficial in ischemic stroke patients.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Biochemical and structural characterization of benzenoid carboxyl methyltransferases involved in floral scent production in Stephanotis floribunda and Nicotiana suaveolens.

Flower-specific benzenoid carboxyl methyltransferases from Stephanotis floribunda and Nicotiana suaveolens were biochemically and structurally characterized. The floral scents of both these species contain higher levels of methyl benzoate and lower levels of methyl salicylate. The S. floribunda enzyme has a 12-fold lower K(m) value for salicylic acid (SA) than for benzoic acid (BA), and results of in silico modeling of the active site of the S. floribunda enzyme, based on the crystal structure of Clarkia breweri salicylic acid methyltransferase (SAMT), are consistent with this functional observation. The enzyme was therefore designated SAMT. The internal concentration of BA in S. floribunda flowers is three orders of magnitude higher than the SA concentration, providing a rationale for the observation that these flowers synthesize and emit more methyl benzoate than methyl salicylate. The N. suaveolens enzyme has similar K(m) values for BA and SA, and the in silico modeling results are again consistent with this in vitro observation. This enzyme was therefore designated BSMT. However, the internal concentration of BA in N. suaveolens petals was also three orders of magnitude higher than the concentration of SA. Both S. floribunda SAMT and N. suaveolens BSMT are able to methylate a range of other benzenoid-related compounds and, in the case of S. floribunda SAMT, also several cinnamic acid derivatives, an observation that is consistent with the larger active site cavity of each of these two enzymes compared to the SAMT from C. breweri, as shown by the models. Broad substrate specificity may indicate recent evolution or an adaptation to changing substrate availability.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Characterization of a root-specific Arabidopsis terpene synthase responsible for the formation of the volatile monoterpene 1,8-cineole.

Arabidopsis is emerging as a model system to study the biochemistry, biological functions, and evolution of plant terpene secondary metabolism. It was previously shown that the Arabidopsis genome contains over 30 genes potentially encoding terpene synthases (TPSs). Here we report the characterization of a monoterpene synthase encoded by two identical, closely linked genes, At3g25820 and At3g25830. Transcripts of these genes were detected almost exclusively in roots. An At3g25820/At3g25830 cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein thus produced was shown to catalyze the formation of 10 volatile monoterpenes from geranyl diphosphate, with 1,8-cineole predominating. This protein was therefore designated AtTPS-Cin. The purified recombinant AtTPS-Cin displayed similar biochemical properties to other known monoterpene synthases, except for a relatively low K(m) value for geranyl diphosphate of 0.2 microm. At3g25820/At3g25830 promoter activity, measured with a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, was primarily found in the epidermis, cortex, and stele of mature primary and lateral roots, but not in the root meristem or the elongation zone. Although the products of AtTPS-Cin were not detected by direct extraction of plant tissue, the recent report of 1,8-cineole as an Arabidopsis root volatile (Steeghs M, Bais HP, de Gouw J, Goldan P, Kuster W, Northway M, Fall R, Vivanco JM [2004] Plant Physiol 135: 47-58) suggests that the enzyme products may be released into the rhizosphere rather than accumulated. Among Arabidopsis TPSs, AtTPS-Cin is most similar to the TPS encoded by At3g25810, a closely linked gene previously shown to be exclusively expressed in flowers. At3g25810 TPS catalyzes the formation of a set of monoterpenes that is very similar to those produced by AtTPS-Cin, but its major products are myrcene and (E)-beta-ocimene, and it does not form 1,8-cineole. These data demonstrate that divergence of organ expression pattern and product specificity are ongoing processes within the Arabidopsis TPS family.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗

PubMed2004

Calcineurin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activate distinct metabolic gene regulatory programs in cardiac muscle.

To learn more about the targets of Cn (Cn) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in cardiac muscle, we investigated their actions in cultured cardiac myocytes and the hearts of mice in vivo. Adenoviral-mediated expression of constitutively active forms of either pathway induced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha, a transcriptional coactivator involved in the control of multiple cellular energy metabolic pathways in cardiac myocytes. Transcriptional profiling studies demonstrated that Cn and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activate distinct but overlapping metabolic gene regulatory programs. Expression of the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, was markedly increased by Cn, but not calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, providing one mechanism whereby cellular fatty acid utilization genes are selectively activated by Cn. Transfection experiments demonstrated that Cn directly activates the mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene promoter. Co-transfection "add-back" experiments demonstrated that the transcription factors, myocyte enhancer factors 2C or 2D, were sufficient to confer Cn-mediated activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene. Cn was also shown to directly activate a known peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha target, muscle-type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, providing a second mechanism by which Cn activates genes of cellular fatty acid utilization. Lastly, the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha was reduced in the hearts of mice with cardiac-specific ablation of the Cn regulatory subunit. These data support a role for calcium-triggered signaling pathways in the regulation of cardiac energetics and identify pathway-specific control of metabolic targets.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Proteomic analysis of molecular response to oxidative stress by the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae).

Rapidly growing, green motile flagellates of Haematococcus pluvialis can transform into enlarged red resting cysts (aplanospores) under oxidative stress conditions. However, it is not known what initial molecular defense mechanisms occur in response to oxidative stress, and may ultimately lead to cellular transformation. In this study, global-expression profiling of cellular proteins in response to stress was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, image analysis, and peptide mass fingerprinting. Oxidative stress was induced in cultures of green flagellates by addition of acetate and Fe2+, and exposure to excess light intensity. Overall, 70 proteins were identified with altered expression patterns following stress induction. Some key proteins involved in photosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation were down-regulated, whereas some mitochondrial respiratory proteins were transiently up-regulated after the onset of stress. Most of the identified proteins, particularly those from the families of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, were transiently up-regulated, but reverted to down-regulation during the 6 days of stress. On the other hand, cellular accumulation of the antioxidant astaxanthin occurred well after initiation of oxidative stress and reached its maximum cellular level after six or more days of stress. It appears that the early stress response involves multiple enzymatic defense processes that play a critical role upon onset of stress and also during the early transition of green vegetative cells to red cysts. As cyst development continues, the intensive, enzyme-mediated initial responses were largely replaced in mature red cysts by accumulation of the molecular antioxidant astaxanthin. This study provides the first direct evidence for a massive, and concerted up-regulation of multiple antioxidative defense mechanisms, both spatially and temporarily, to protect H. pluvialis cells against oxidative stress.

Chlorophyta↗

PubMed2004

Complete genome sequence of Yersinia pestis strain 91001, an isolate avirulent to humans.

Genomics provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe in minute detail into the genomes of the world's most deadly pathogenic bacteria- Yersinia pestis. Here we report the complete genome sequence of Y. pestis strain 91001, a human-avirulent strain isolated from the rodent Brandt's vole-Microtus brandti. The genome of strain 91001 consists of one chromosome and four plasmids (pPCP1, pCD1, pMT1 and pCRY). The 9609-bp pPCP1 plasmid of strain 91001 is almost identical to the counterparts from reference strains (CO92 and KIM). There are 98 genes in the 70,159-bp range of plasmid pCD1. The 106,642-bp plasmid pMT1 has slightly different architecture compared with the reference ones. pCRY is a novel plasmid discovered in this work. It is 21,742 bp long and harbors a cryptic type IV secretory system. The chromosome of 91001 is 4,595,065 bp in length. Among the 4037 predicted genes, 141 are possible pseudo-genes. Due to the rearrangements mediated by insertion elements, the structure of the 91001 chromosome shows dramatic differences compared with CO92 and KIM. Based on the analysis of plasmids and chromosome architectures, pseudogene distribution, nitrate reduction negative mechanism and gene comparison, we conclude that strain 91001 and other strains isolated from M. brandti might have evolved from ancestral Y. pestis in a different lineage. The large genome fragment deletions in the 91001 chromosome and some pseudogenes may contribute to its unique nonpathogenicity to humans and host-specificity.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗

PubMed2004

Purification of paeoniflorin from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

High-speed counter-current chromatography was successfully used for the first time for the preparative separation and purification of paeoniflorin from the Chinese medicinal plant Paeonia lactiflora Pall. using a two-phase solvent system composed of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (1:4:5, v/v) in a single run. From 160 mg of the crude sample containing 22.0% paeoniflorin, 33.2 mg of paeoniflorin was yielded at 98.2% purity as determined by HPLC analysis. The recovery of paeoniflorin was 94.3%.

Benzoates↗

PubMed2004

catena-Poly[[aqua(2,2'-bipyridine-kappa2N,N')manganese(II)]-mu-terephthalato-kappa3O,O':O"].

The title complex, [Mn(C(8)H(4)O(4))(C(10)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)](n), takes the form of a zigzag chain, with the terephthalate dianion (tp) acting as a tridentate ligand. The Mn(II) center is surrounded by two tp ligands, one water molecule and one 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) ligand and exhibits a severely distorted octahedral coordination environment, with cis angles ranging from 57.31 (8) to 123.97 (11) degrees. The complete solid-state structure can be described as a three-dimensional supramolecular framework stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the coordinated water molecule and the carboxy O atoms of the tp ligands, and by pi-pi stacking interactions involving the bipy rings and the benzene ring of the tp ligand.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Poly[[[aquamanganese(II)]-mu2-4,4'-bipyridine-mu3-succinato] 4,4'-bipyridine hemisolvate].

The polymeric title complex, [[Mn(C(4)H(4)O(4))(C(10)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)].0.5C(10)H(8)N(2)](n), possesses a three-dimensional open-framework structure, with the solvate 4,4'-bipyridine (bipy) molecules, which lie around centers of inversion, clathrated in the channels of the framework. The Mn(II) center is surrounded by three succinate (succ) ligands, one water molecule and two bipy ligands, and displays a slightly distorted octahedral coordination environment, with cis angles ranging from 84.14 (12) to 96.56 (11) degrees. Each succ dianion coordinates to three Mn(II) atoms, thus acting as a bridging tridentate ligand; in turn, the Mn(II) atoms are bridged by three succ ligands, thus forming a two-dimensional Mn-succ sheet pillared by the bridging bipy ligands. Two hydrogen-bonding interactions, involving the water molecules and the carboxy O atoms of the succ ligands, are present in the crystal structure.

Journal Article↗