Pathogenicity of SAD rabies vaccine given orally in chacma baboons (Papio ursinus).
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Administration, Oral↗
Biomedical subjects
F W Hill
Publications and source records attributed to F W Hill.
An outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia (septicaemic pasteurellosis) in cattle in Zimbabwe.
An outbreak of haemorrhagic septicaemia caused by Pasteurella multocida in beef cattle in Zimbabwe grazing effluent-irrigated pastures, is described. The outbreak occurred during the wet summer months and predisposing stress factors included excessive rainfall and unusual cold weather during the preceding month. History, clinical features and post-mortem findings were consistent with reports of the disease from other countries, except that meningitis was also a constant feature. Morbidity approached 77% and mortality 5 per cent. Prophylactic treatment and vaccination with a killed bacterin together with a return of warmer and drier weather were probably important in halting the outbreak.
Age Factors↗
Reproduction in female cattle in a communal farming area of Zimbabwe.
Cattle in a communal farming area of Zimbabwe were identified and examined in the late dry and mid wet season of 1985/86. Ovarian activity rates were 17.9% and 38.6% in the dry and wet season respectively. Pregnancy rates were 16.1% and 24.6% respectively. A major limitation to reproduction was the percentage of anoestrous females. There was no evidence of a seasonal calving pattern. Median body condition score was 2.0 in the dry season and 1.5 in the wet season. Adult females of body condition score 2.5 and above had ovarian activity rates of 41.9% and pregnancy rates of 41.9 per cent. Those with a body condition score below 2.5 had rates of 26.8% and 16.4% respectively. Serum progesterone levels in pregnant animals were positively related to body condition score, with some animals having progesterone levels similar to non-pregnant animals. Metabolic profiles suggested that the major limiting nutrient in both seasons was nitrogen, although other micronutrients might also be involved in low reproductive rates.
Agriculture↗
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in Zimbabwean goats and sheep.
The prevalence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (MO) in three Communal Lands flocks of goats on the outskirts of Harare is described. In a single sampling of nasal swabs from 172 randomly selected, apparently healthy goats, 112 animals were identified as carriers of MO. The three flocks had a history of occasional deaths, following chronic and subacute pneumonia associated with isolation of MO as the only identifiable pathogen. Attempts to induce clinical pneumonia in groups of 6 to 8-week-old kids and lambs with local isolates of MO were not successful. However, MO was consistently cultured from the trachea, lungs, lymph node and thymus of some test animals. Cuffing interstitial pneumonia was also observed in these animals. Infection of the thymus occurred; this has not previously been reported with any Mycoplasma sp. The animals did not produce detectable serum antibodies to MO nor were they reactive to MO antigen in a tuberculin-type hypersensitivity test. The possibility that a state of immunotolerance may have been responsible for failure to develop clinical pneumonia is discussed.
Animals↗
Concurrent systemic cryptococcosis and haemangiosarcoma in a dog.
A young dog with progressive neurological signs was humanely killed by the injection of barbiturate for postmortem examination. Lesions in the nose, lung, pancreas, lymph nodes, kidneys and the meninges were heavily infiltrated with Cryptococcus neoformans. In addition, haemangiosarcoma was detected in the right atrium. The finding of systemic mycosis and neoplasia together in a young dog suggests an immunosuppressed state.
Animals↗
Toxocara vitulorum in beef calves kept on effluent-irrigated pastures in Zimbabwe.
Faeces from 20 calves aged 13 +/- 5 days were examined for Toxocara vitulorum eggs fortnightly for a period of 20 weeks. The age of calves when eggs were first detected varied from 24 to 110 days (mean 41 +/- 20 days). The mean egg count varied from 257 to 19,821 g-1 of faeces with a highest count of 68,400. The patency period of T. vitulorum lasted from 14 to 112 days (mean 65 +/- 30 days). None of the calves showed clinical signs of illness.
Animals↗
Evidence for a critical period during late gestation when maternal dietary carbohydrate is essential for survival of newborn rats.
Two experiments were designed to test the hypotheses that 1) maternal dietary carbohydrate is required on d 20-21 of gestation (gd 20-21), when fetal liver glycogen is accumulating, to ensure the postnatal survival of the newborn rat pup and that 2) the lack of maternal dietary carbohydrate during this critical 2-d period will cause high neonatal mortality. Pregnant dams were fed one of two lipid-based, carbohydrate-restricted experimental diets. In experiment 1, the primary energy source was soybean oil; the diets contained no added glucose but contained 4% glucose-equivalents as lipid-glycerol. In experiment 2, the major lipid component was food-grade oleic acid; this diet was supplemented with 4% glucose. A crossover design was used. For gd 0-19, dams were fed either the high carbohydrate diet (62% glucose) or one of the carbohydrate-restricted diets (4% glucose or 4% lipid-glycerol); beginning on gd 19 and through neonatal d 7 (nd 7), the opposite diet was fed. For controls in each experiment, a high carbohydrate diet (62% glucose) and the respective carbohydrate-restricted diets were fed throughout pregnancy. The results showed that restriction to 4% glucose equivalents beginning on gd 20 resulted in high first-day neonatal mortality that was comparable in magnitude to nd-1 mortality rates in dams fed the carbohydrate-restricted diets throughout pregnancy. Repletion with the high carbohydrate, control diet after gd 19 significantly reduced mortality. These experiments demonstrate that maternal dietary carbohydrate beginning in late gestation is essential for the postnatal survival of rat pups.
Animals↗
Altered lactational performance in rats fed low carbohydrate diets and its effect on growth of neonatal rat pups.
The possibility that low carbohydrate diets fed to nursing rat dams altered milk composition and impaired neonatal growth and development was explored. Pregnant control dams fed a 62% glucose diet were paired at parturition with experimental dams fed diets with either severe (0% glucose) or moderate (6% glucose) carbohydrate restriction. At birth half of the littermates of each pair were cross-fostered so that each dam nursed a litter consisting of one-half deficient and one-half control pups. All pups born to dams fed the 0% glucose diet died within 24 h of birth whether they were nursed by control or deficient dams. Control pups cross-fostered to these deficient dams died by the second day; the 0% glucose diet failed to support milk production. In contrast, the dams fed the 6% glucose diet produced milk, but its composition was significantly lower in carbohydrate and lipid than was milk of control dams. This altered milk composition was associated with retarded postnatal growth and development. Control pups cross-fostered to 6% glucose dams showed decreased survival (83% vs. 97%) and significantly reduced body weight (10 g vs. 12 g) at d 7. Conversely, 6% glucose pups cross-fostered to control dams showed improved survival (54% vs. 29%) and significantly increased body weight (9 g vs. 7 g) at d 7. These data showed that carbohydrate-restricted diets altered milk production and/or composition, which, in turn, reduced growth and increased mortality in the pups nursed by dams fed these diets. The results demonstrate that an adequate source of dietary carbohydrate is important for optimal lactational performance.
Animals↗
Clofazimine for the treatment of fistulous withers in three horses.
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Animals↗
Metastatic malignant mesothelioma in a dog.
A case of malignant mesothelioma in a 5 1/2-year-old St Bernard dog is described. The distribution of the neoplasm was to the pericardium and peritoneum and not the pleura. Distant metastases were found in the bronchial lymph node and bone marrow.
Animals↗
Exophthalmos in a horse resulting from an adenocarcinoma of the frontal sinus.
A fifteen-year-old thoroughbred gelding with exophthalmos of the left eye, was found at necropsy to have an adenocarcinoma of the left frontal sinus. The tumour extended caudally through the cribriform plate into the orbit, displacing the eyeball anteriorly.
Adenocarcinoma↗
A baiting system suitable for the delivery of oral rabies vaccine to dog populations in Zimbabwe.
A baiting system suitable for the delivery of oral rabies vaccine to dog populations in developing countries was studied in Zimbabwe. In a field trial, 369 sponge baits containing a placebo liquid, rhodamine B as a biomarker and a pungent attractant were distributed over an area of 60 sq km in a communal land in Manicaland with a dog population of over 500. Twenty-four hours later 21 per cent of the baits were recovered and 79 per cent of these had been significantly bitten or chewed. Twenty-five per cent of the dogs examined showed evidence of superficial staining by rhodamine B indicating that they had chewed baits or ingested their contents. It was concluded that the system would deliver an oral vaccine to dog populations more efficiently than had been the case in comparable studies in wildlife populations, but that the number of baits per unit area should in future studies be increased.
Administration, Oral↗
Unilateral hydronephrosis in a dog.
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Animals↗
Repair of a diaphragmatic hernia in a horse.
One month after falling heavily a four-year-old horse developed acute colic while being exercised. A tentative diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia was reached on the basis of the clinical findings and confirmed at laparotomy. The defect was repaired and the horse made an uneventful recovery.
Animals↗
Effect of low carbohydrate diets during pregnancy on embryogenesis and fetal growth and development in rats.
Effects in pregnant rats of feeding diets specifically deficient in carbohydrate were studied. The dietary nonprotein energy source was lipid, provided as intact fat (soybean oil) or a fatty acid mixture (edible oleic acid) or a combination of these. These diets provided 9.5% casein protein, which was shown to be minimally adequate in both the lipid-based experimental diets and the high carbohydrate control diet. The diets were fed from mating through d 21 of pregnancy, and pups were delivered by cesarean section. The soybean oil-based zero-carbohydrate diet supported embryogenesis and produced at term normal numbers of normal appearing pups of body weight lower than that of pups from the high carbohydrate control diet. In contrast, the oleic acid-based zero-carbohydrate diet failed to maintain pregnancy, indicating a requirement for carbohydrate or intact fat or both. To maintain pregnancy to term required both 5-10% intact fat and 4% carbohydrate as glucose or its equivalent amount of glycerol from lipid. From feeding graded levels of glucose in fatty acid based diets containing 5-10% intact fat as soybean oil, the carbohydrate requirement was found to be 6-8% glucose to sustain maternal food intake and weight gain and to produce normal fetal weight at term, and 12% glucose to provide approximately half the fetal liver glycogen levels in controls fed a high carbohydrate diet. These experiments have produced the first evidence of the quantitative requirement for carbohydrate for embryogenesis and fetal growth and development in the pregnant rat dam.
Animals↗
Effect of low carbohydrate diets during pregnancy on parturition and postnatal survival of the newborn rat pup.
To test the hypothesis that maternal dietary carbohydrate is essential for the postnatal survival of the newborn rat pup, two experiments were designed. Pregnant dams were fed one of two basal carbohydrate-free diets. In experiment 1, the primary energy source was edible oleic acid; in experiment 2, it was soybean oil. Supplemental glucose was substituted for lipid. In experiment 1, pregnant dams were fed 4% dietary glucose for d 0-8 to allow successful implantation, as shown previously. Beginning on d 9 the dams were fed 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 or 62% glucose. Control dams (62% glucose) normally delivered pups weighing 5.6 g on d 21. Dams fed zero glucose delivered pups, weighing 3.1 g, 2 d late. The survivability of the litters increased with maternal dietary carbohydrate. All pups from dams fed 0-4% glucose died within 48 h. Pup survival to d 7 was 10% at 8% glucose, 23% at 12% glucose and 82% at 62% glucose. In experiment 2 soybean oil-based diets (basal supplied ca. 4% glycerol) with 0, 4, 12 and 62% glucose were fed from d 0. At zero glucose, fewer dams delivered late and birth weights were greater than in experiment 1. However, all pups born to zero-glucose dams died by d 4. Pup survival to d 7 was 48% at 4% glucose and 84% at 12% glucose. The data demonstrate that maternal dietary carbohydrate is required for fetal growth, normal parturition and postnatal survival of rat pups. The results indicate that late gestation, parturition and the neonatal period may be especially vulnerable to maternal carbohydrate deprivation.
Animals↗
A rat bioassay for measuring the comparative availability of carbohydrates and its application to legume foods, pure carbohydrates and polyols.
An assay was developed to evaluate the bioavailability of dietary carbohydrate by slope-ratio analysis of weight gain and plasma ketones of rats fed a carbohydrate-free diet supplemented with glucose as a standard and selected food items, pure carbohydrates and polyols. The diet was based on 35% food grade oleic acid, 12% casein protein supplemented with methionine (0.3%) and arginine (0.2%), 7.5% soybean oil, 37% cellulose, minerals and vitamins. Glucose, as the reference standard, or test materials were incorporated in the diet by replacing equi-energetic amounts of oleic acid and adjusting cellulose to equalize total weight. Optimal levels of protein (casein) and triglyceride (soybean oil) in the basal diet were defined as those levels above which additional protein or fat would serve only to provide endogenous glucose from their glucogenic amino acids and glycerol constituents. A standard dose-response curve was obtained by feeding diets containing 0%, 1% and 2% glucose. Similar dose response curves were obtained by feeding test materials. Under these experimental conditions, additional glucose or additional protein were growth stimulating and casein had approximately 50% of the value of an equal weight of glucose, which was consistent with its content of glucogenic amino acids. The specific carbohydrate value of a food was estimated in the assay by subtracting the calculated glucogenic value of its digestible protein from the total response. The apparent availability of the carbohydrates (i.e., nitrogen-free extract) in soybean meal, lima bean (Phaseolus lumatus), and chick pea (Cicer arietinum) were 35, 70, and 80%, respectively, as available as glucose. Galactose, a 1:1 mixture of galactose + glucose, fractose and starch were as available as glucose. Lactose, ribose, sorbitol, and xylitol were 50 to 65% as available as glucose while mannitol and inulin were not available to a significant extent. Possible metabolic bases for these differences are discussed.
Amino Acids↗