Biomedical subjects

F W Hesse

Publications and source records attributed to F W Hesse.

9 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2000

Verbal and visual causal arguments.

The present paper analyzes how verbalizations and visualizations can be used to justify and dispute causal claims. The analysis is based on a taxonomy of 27 causal arguments as they appear in ordinary language. It is shown how arguments from spatio-temporal contiguity, covariation, counterfactual necessity, and causal mechanisms, to name only a few, are visualized in persuasive uses of tables, graphs, time series, causal diagrams, drawings, maps, animations, photos, movies, and simulations. The discussion centers on how these visual media limit the argumentative moves of justifying, disputing, and qualifying claims; how they constrain the representation of observational, explanatory, and abstract knowledge in the premises of causal arguments; and how they support and externalize argument-specific inferences, namely generalizations, comparisons, mental simulations, and causal explanations.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

Implicit and explicit dialogue structuring in virtual learning groups.

BACKGROUND: The promotion of virtual learning groups by instructional means is gaining importance with the spread of telematic learning. In virtual learning groups, students discuss certain learning materials or cooperate in problem solving by means of computer-mediated communication. Due to the specific features of electronic communication, supportive means appear to be necessary for such learning situations. AIMS: The investigation focuses on testing two different forms of dialogue structuring in virtual learning groups, in which students discuss a given subject matter together and clarify problems in understanding by means of synchronous computer-mediated communication. SAMPLE: Forty-five students from various disciplines at the University of Tübingen, except students of physics, participated in the investigation. METHOD: An experiment was conducted involving three-person groups in a telematic setting with two different kinds of dialogue structuring: implicit structuring induced group discussion on the subject matter by working on key questions in a preceding learning phase, whilst explicit structuring provided additional rules for discussion. These rules prompted group members to argue and aimed at directing them to equal participation. RESULTS: Compared to a control group, both implicit and explicit structuring showed greater orientation on the subject matter and showed less off-task talk. Moreover, explicit structuring led to more coherence in subject matter discussion with regard to the completion of topics. However, post-test performance showed no significant difference in knowledge over that of the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of the investigation show that dialogue structuring can be an adequate pedagogical approach for virtual learning groups.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

Do film cuts facilitate the perceptual and cognitive organization of activity sequences?

Film depictions of activities possess two kinds of structures--namely, the structural features of the depicted activities themselves and a formal structure defined by film cuts. The former structure is used by everyday observers for perceptually and cognitively unitizing the continuous flow of events into comprehensible entities. It seems conceivable that cuts can serve a similar unitizing purpose for film viewers. For each of two different activity sequences, two film versions were produced. Throughout each film version, cuts were placed either at breakpoints or at nonbreakpoints. In a 2 x 2 (activity sequence x film version) factorial design, 40 subjects segmented the film during viewing and recalled the film content after viewing in a detailed protocol. Segmentation behavior depended primarily on the occurrence of breakpoints and was largely unaffected by the occurrence of cuts. Cuts accompanying a breakpoint lead to more detailed recall protocols for these sections of the film.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Effects of emotion-related surface similarity in analogical problem solving.

In analogical problem solving, a source problem with a known solution is used to solve a target problem. The present study deals with one possible condition influencing the search for possible source problems (i.e., with similarities between source and target problems in the emotional connotation of the problem cover stories). Subjects were given six source problems-distractors as well as target-relevant problems-that were varied with respect to the emotional valence of the cover stories. Then one group of subjects (n = 32) was given a pleasant target problem, while the other group (n = 31) received an unpleasant target problem. Except for emotional valence the two target problems were identical. Subjects preferred those target-relevant source problems that were emotionally congruent with the target problem. The findings are interpreted within network theories of long-term memory, introducing emotional markers or emotion-concept nodes to represent the emotional connotation of the represented units. By controlling subjects' mood change after reading the (un)pleasant target-problem cover story, it could be ruled out that the observed results were due to a mood congruity effect of the type described by Bower (1981).

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Subclinical eating disorders in male athletes. A study of the low weight category in rowers and wrestlers.

This study investigated the possibility that male athletes who, owing to the rules of their sport, are pressured to maintain a low weight show an elevated prevalence of subclinical eating disorders. Twenty-five wrestlers and 59 rowers in the lower weight categories were investigated using the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). Fifty-two percent of the athletes reported the occurrence of binging. The EDI profiles of 11% of the athletes suggested the presence of a subclinical eating disorder. These figures are clearly elevated compared with the normal male population. Low-weight wrestlers and rowers should be considered a high-risk male population for subclinical eating disorders. These findings are comparable to high-risk groups consisting mainly of women (such as ballet and modelling students). The causal relationship between the specific sport and the development of a psychogenic eating disorder is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

[Possibilities for integration of emotions in theoretical principles of cognitive psychology].

Different approaches to integrate emotion and cognition can be differentiated. On the one hand emotions can be part of an associative network of long-term memory (Bower, 1981; Bower & Cohen, 1982; Lang, 1979, 1984). On the other hand emotions are said to function as mediators that instigate different processing strategies (Fiedler, 1988; Isen, 1984, 1987; Kuhl, 1983 b). Both approaches can be integrated within the framework of ACT* (Anderson, 1983) assuming emotion nodes as parts of the declarative memory and emotion related productions as parts of the procedural memory (Spies & Hesse, 1986). A third approach claims that emotions change the amount of processing capacity available for task related processes (Ellis & Ashbrook, 1988; Kuhl, 1983 b; Spies & Hesse, 1986). The theoretical positions as well as related empirical results are discussed by referring to the literature as well as to some of our own data.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

[Body image of the male athlete. A study of the psychological health of wrestlers and rowers of the lower weight class].

The present study reports findings concerning the body-experience of male athletes. 25 wrestlers and 59 rowers in the lower weight categories were investigated using the questionnaire for evaluation of body-experience "Fragebogen zur Beurteilung des eigenen Körpers--FBK" (Strauss u. Appelt, 1983). Due to nature of their sports, these men are particularly subject to a constant pressure to maintain a low body weight. In 31% of the subjects the FBK profiles were indicative of disturbances of body-image and body-experience. This subgroup also demonstrated multiple pathologically elevated scores in the personality questionnaire "Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar" (Fahrenberger et al. 1984) and the Eating-Disorder-Inventory (Garner et al. 1983). Low-weight wrestlers and rowers should be considered a high-risk male population for body-image disturbances and other psychological disorders. The casual relationship between the specific sport and the development of an body-image disorder is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Experimental induction of emotional conditions--alternatives to the Velten method].

The technique most often used to induce emotion is based on self-referent statements read by the subjects (Velten, 1968). This technique is known to be of intermediate efficiency. Therefore film and hypnosis-like procedures were investigated as alternative techniques. Efficiency was tested using two selected scales of a mood questionnaire (SES by Hampel, 1977). The subjects were male and female students. Both alternative procedures allowed us to induce significant changes in Ss' moods. The film method was more efficient than the Velten-technique in inducing a negative mood, whereas it was equally efficient in inducing a positive mood. The hypnosis-like procedure, however, was not more efficient than the Velten-technique. Obviously film is a quite efficient and easy applicable alternative technique to induce moods.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Experimental induction of emotional states--does addition of music improve self disclosure?].

Two procedures to experimentally induce negative and neutral emotional states are compared: self-referent emotional statements (Velten, 1968) presented alone vs. combined with music. For female subjects selected according to their baseline mood, it could be shown that negative statements alone induced anger whereas in combination with music they evoked sadness, i.e. dependent on the procedure applied, the quality of the induced negative emotion changed. For the induction of a neutral state the combined procedure proved to be superior, especially to reduce a positive baseline mood.

Adult↗