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Biomedical subjects

F W Edens

Publications and source records attributed to F W Edens.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Lead-induced egg production decrease in Leghorn and Japanese quail hens.

A study was conducted to compare the response of chicken hens and Japanese quail hens to various levels of dietary lead as plumbus acetate. Egg production was decreased significantly in quail receiving 1 mg lead/kg of diet from day of hatch, and 10 mg lead/kg diet was required to suppress egg production when the metal was given to the quail hens after they had reached sexual maturity. In chicken hens given lead after they had attained approximately 80% hen-day production, a comparable decline in egg production was seen in hens consuming at least 200 mg lead/kg of diet. Total plasma calcium in quail hens was reduced significantly by 10 mg lead/kg of diet, but total plasma calcium in chicken hens was not reduced with levels of less than 200 mg lead/kg of diet. There was no correlation between blood calcium level and decreased egg production in chicken hens consuming dietary lead at levels less than 200 mg/kg diet, suggesting that lead influences egg production in birds through mechanisms that may not be dependent entirely upon calcium metabolism. Removal of lead from the diets of quail was associated with significant increases in egg production and total plasma calcium, but removal of lead from the diets of chicken hens did not cause any increase in total plasma calcium or increase egg production in treated hens. However, hens consuming the highest level of dietary lead (400 mg/kg) did increase significantly their rate of egg production, but this was attributed to recovery from a lead-induced molt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in brain parts of female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as found by two dissimilar fluorometric procedures.

Two dissimilar fluorometric procedures were used to compare norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the telencephalon, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem of female Japanese quail. Amount of norepinephrine in the telencephalon and brain stem was similar using both procedures, but more norepinephrine was found in the cerebellum and diencephalon by the Jacobowitz-Richardson method compared to the Anton-Sayre method. Serotonin could not be determined using the Anton-Sayre procedure but was detected easily by the Jacobowitz-Richardson procedure in all brain parts assayed. The most striking difference between the two procedures was in the level of dopamine detected. Dopamine was found only in the telencephalon using the Anton-Sayre procedure, but it was found in all brain parts using the Jacobowitz-Richardson procedure. This is the first report of significant dopamine in all principle parts of the Japanese quail brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Grouping in Japanese quail 2. Suppression of humoral immunity.

Four-week-old Japanese quail were placed in either stable (isolate) or unstable (resident-visitor) groupings in this study. The visitor quail were transferred daily to cages containing unfamiliar residents, and the isolate quail were handled daily. The immune responsiveness to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), as indicated by production of hemagglutinins of the visitors and residents, was significantly less than that of the isolates, and the visitors were found to have less antibody than the residents. In subsequent experiments adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was used to compare its effect on immune responsiveness to that caused by grouping. The ACTH caused a suppression in humoral immune response, but only 8 IU ACTH/100 g body weight consistently suppressed antibody levels, indicating that the quail immune system is moderately resistant to this hormone. At the end of the experimental periods the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and adrenal glands were removed. The relative weights of the organs suggested that grouping and ACTH did not induce the classical symptoms of physiological stress. However, stress was not eliminated as a possible cause of the immunosuppressive effects of grouping and ACTH found in this study, because there was significant body weight loss in unstable groupings and in ACTH-treated birds.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1982

Peripherally administered cations do not modify febrile responses induced in chickens by Escherichia coli.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects on intramuscular injections of Escherichia coli strains B and W on rectal temperature in broiler chicks and to investigate the effects of various cations on the temperature response. In Experiment 1, 4 birds were randomly assigned to each of three treatments. Control birds received a dextrose (50 mg/100 ml) solution and treated birds received a suspension of either E. coli B or E. coli W lyophilized cells (100 mg/kg) in a volume of 2 ml/kg. Rectal temperatures were recorded before injection and thereafter every 4 hr for a period of 24 hr. In Experiment 2, 10 birds were assigned randomly to each of two treatments. Birds received intramuscularly 2 ml/kg body weight injections of either dextrose (50 mg/100 ml) solution or a suspension of E. coli B lyophilized cells (100 mg/kg) in a volume of 2 ml/kg. At 16 hr after injection, rectal temperatures were recorded and birds were divided into the following treatments with 5 birds per group. Birds previously receiving dextrose (50 mg/100 ml) were given intramuscular injections (2 ml/kg body weight) of demineralized distilled water or a 2 ml/kg injection of .5 M solution of either Na+, K+, Ca+2, or Mg+2 made from their chloride salts. Birds previously receiving E. coli B were given intramuscular injections (2 ml/kg body weight) of demineralized distilled water or an injection of a .5 M solution of either Na+, K+, Ca+2, or Mg+2. Five birds served as uninjected controls. Rectal temperatures were taken every 30 min for 90 min thereafter. In Experiment 1, intramuscular injections of E. coli B and E. coli W resulted in an initial fall in rectal temperatures of chickens followed by a rise after 4 hr that peaked at 16 hr postinjection and at 24 hr remained significantly above preinjection values. The injection of the cations Na+, K+, Ca+2, or Mg+2 in Experiment 2 did not significantly affect the febrile response produced by E. coli B.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Rectal temperature and blood chemical responses of young chickens given E. coli endotoxin.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of intravenous injections of bacterial endotoxin in broiler chicks. In both experiments 5-weeks-old chicks were given a single intravenous injection of either distilled water (control) or 1 mg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin (serotype 0.127:B8) in a volume of 1 mg/kg. In Experiment 1 rectal body temperatures were taken every hour for 24 hr postinjection. In Experiment 2, rectal temperatures and blood samples were taken at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 24 hr following the administration of endotoxin. Hematocrits and plasma glucose, protein, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus were measured at each time interval. Birds receiving endotoxin showed a significant increase in rectal temperature from 2 hr until 17 hr postinjection. The febrile response was biphasic with temperatures peaking at 3 to 5 hr and again at 9 to 12 hr. No significant changes in hematocrits occurred following endotoxin injection. Plasma protein, potassium, and calcium decreased significantly, while glucose increased significantly after endotoxin administration. No significant changes in plasma magnesium, sodium, or inorganic phosphorus were observed in endotoxin-treated chicks.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Neurochemical alterations induced by manganese chloride in neonatal rats.

Male rats were exposed to manganese at doses of 1, 10, and 20 microg/g body weight/day from birth to day 24 post-partum. Animals were weighed and examined daily. The animals showed no visible signs of toxicity and exhibited normal weight gain. On day 25 the animals were killed by decapitation and the hypothalamic area and corpus striatum were removed and analyzed for several neurochemical components. Chronic manganese administration (10 and 20 microg/g) caused a significant reduction in the concentration of endogenous dopamine in the hypothalamic area. The concentration of endogenous norepinephrine in the hypothalamic area was unaffected at all levels of manganese administration. The depletion of dopamine induced by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine was less in the hypothalamic area of chronic manganese-treated rats suggesting that dopamine turnover was reduced. No significant changes in neurochemical components occurred in the corpus striatum. Manganese at a dose of 20 microg/g caused a significant decrease in hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase activity and a significant increase in hypothalamic monoamine oxidase activity. The dosing regimen of 10 and 20 microg/g caused a significant elevation in tissue levels of manganese in both the hypothalamic area and corpus striatum. The results of this study indicate that minor alterations in the manganese content of the developing rat brain can lead to neurochemical alterations in specific brain regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

An investigation into the effects of manganese and other divalent cations on tyrosine hydroxylase activity.

The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was measured in homogenates of hypothalamic tissue and corpus striatum obtained from 24 day old rats. The addition of manganese to the preparations had no direct effect on TH activity in either brain region. Similarly, the addition of calcium, magnesium and lead at concentrations of 1.0 mM did not affect TH activity. Cadmium and zinc (1.0 mM) significantly reduced TH activity in both the hypothalamic area and corpus striatum. Iron (1.0 mM) significantly stimulated TH activity in the corpus striatum but did not affect TH activity in the hypothalamic area. At conentrations of 1.0 mM, neither disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) nor ethylene glycol bis (beta-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (ECTA) affected directly TH activity in either brain region. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) at a concentration of 1.0 mM did not affect TH activity in either the hypothalamic area or corpus striatum. Results from these in vitro studies show clearly that manganese does not inhibit directly TH activity and that manganese does not compete with other physiologically important divalent cations to cause the reduction in TH activity seen in vivo after chronic exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Phosphorus nutrition and fasting: interrelated factors which affect the survival of young chickens exposed to high ambient temperature.

The interaction of phosphorus nutrition and fasting on the tolerance of young chickens acutely exposed to high temperature was studied. We also investigated a possible relationship between plasma phosphate (Pi) and body temperature (Tr) of chicks during heat exposure. Survival time (ST) of 24-hour fasted (F-24) chicks previously fed a low-phosphorus diet (LP) was markedly lower than ST of F-24 chicks fed an adequate phosphorus diet (AP). Diet, however, had no effect on ST of chicks fasted 12 hours (F-12). The apparent metabolic responses of F-24 chicks were qualitatively different than those of F-12 chicks suggesting that the effect of previous phosphorus nutrition was dependent on metabolic status of chicks before heat exposure. The concentration of Pi during heat exposure of F-24 chicks fed the experimental diets was highly (P less than 0.001) correlated with Tr. At heat-induced exhaustion, Tr of chicks fed either diet was not different. Pi of these groups at this point was nearly identical despite marked differences in the time at which this event occurred. An investigation concerning a possible relationship between Pi and the respiratory failure known to occur in hyperthermic chickens, revealed that respiratory muscular fatigue is not the primal cause of respiratory failure. Our results demonstrated that phosphorus nutrition, Pi and metabolic status are dependent factors related to the tolerance of young chickens exposed to high temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Effect of calcium deficiency on survival time of young chickens acutely exposed to high temperature.

A study concerning the effect of calcium and phosphorus nutrition on the tolerance of young chickens acutely exposed to high temperature was conducted. Fasted (24 hours) chicks previously fed a low-phosphorus (LP), adequate-calcium (AC) diet exhibited reduced survival time (ST) to heat exposure when compared to chicks fed an adequate-phosphorus (AP) and AC diet. Survival time increased markedly as a result of feeding low dietary calcium. In chicks fed low-calcium diets, the level of dietary phosphorus did not influence heat tolerance. An additional experiment showed that ST of fasted chicks was inversely proportional to the level of dietary calcium fed. With respect to nonfasted chicks, diet had no effect on ST to heat exposure despite differences in plasma phosphate (Pi) and calcium (Ca). Plasma phosphate and Ca of fasted chicks were, on the other hand, not indicative of previous diet. The concentration of Ca and Pi of chicks prior to fasting was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with subsequent heat tolerance. We suggested that the effects of diet on ST of fasted chicks may be related to nutritional alterations in Ca and Pi prior to fasting. Heat-induced changes in Ca and Pi were not related consistently to the occurrence of heat exhaustion. This suggested that changes in Ca and Pi may not be associated with heat tolerance. We concluded that previous calcium and phosphorus nutrition were dependent factors which influence markedly the survival of fasted chickens acutely exposed to high temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Fasting and diet affect the tolerance of young chickens exposed to acute heat stress.

The interaction of nutritional status on the tolerance of young chicks to acute heat stress (HS) was investigated. The results of experiment 1 demonstrated that fasting for 24, 48 or 72 hours progressively increased survival time (ST) of chicks exposed to HS. When compared to that of non-fasted (NF) chicks ST more than doubled for 48 and 72 hour fasted chicks. During HS plasma glucose increased in fasted chicks but decreased in NF chicks. Conversely, plasma free fatty acids decreased in fasted chicks and increased in NF chicks. Plasma phosphate of all chicks fell markedly as a result of HS. Chicks of experiment 2 were fed a "carbohydrate-free" diet (CF). Survival time of NF chicks fed CF was significantly greater than that of NF chicks fed a diet containing glucose. The apparent metabolic responses of NF chicks fed CF corresponded to those of fasted chicks of experiment 1. It was suggested that the metabolic substrate utilized by chicks during HS influences ST. The effect of CF diet on ST was also observed in chicks which were fasted for 48 hours prior to HS. Plasma phosphate of chicks exhibiting fasting metabolic responses was not significantly different at heat induced prostration despite marked differences in ST. The results of experiment 3 demonstrated that ST of fasted (24 hour) chicks previously fed a low phosphorus diet was markedly lower than compared to that of fasted chicks fed adequate dietary phosphorus. The effect of diet was found to be dependent on metabolic status since level of dietary phosphorus fed had no effect on ST of NF chicks. The results of the present study indicated that metabolic and nutritional status affect the tolerance of young chicks acutely exposed to high ambient temperature.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The prolonged exposure of Japanese quail to carbaryl and its effects on growth and reproductive parameters.

Carbaryl fed to Japanese quail over a 14 week period resulted in decreased body weight, increased relative brain, liver and kidney weights in one or both sexes at levels of 900 ppm or higher. Significant differences were not found in the F1 birds at the same levels after 6 weeks. It appears that the time of exposure is critical and that parental diet is not. There were no significant differences in egg production, hatchability or fertility although trends toward reduction of these parameters were developing at the 900 and 1200 ppm levels.

Animals↗