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Biomedical subjects

F Tanaka

Publications and source records attributed to F Tanaka.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

High incidence of ADH2*1/ALDH2*1 genes among Japanese alcohol dependents and patients with alcoholic liver disease.

In an attempt to clarify the genetic factors in alcoholism among the Japanese, polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes has been investigated. Genetic polymorphism of ADH2/ALDH2 in 66 cases of normal subjects, 90 cases of alcohol dependent, and 31 patients with alcoholic liver disease among Japanese has been analyzed using a polymerase chain reaction assay followed by a direct sequencing method, because ethanol is mainly catabolized by ADH and ALDH and less by cytochrome P450IIE1 and catalase. The incidence of both ADH2*1/*1 and ALDH2*1/*1 was significantly higher in patients with alcohol dependence and in patients with alcoholic liver disease when compared with that in control subjects. In addition, the incidence of ALDH2*1/*2 and ALDH2*2/*2 was significantly reduced in alcoholics compared with control subjects. Genetic polymorphism of ADH2/ALDH2 in patients with alcoholic liver disease was not different from that of alcohol dependents. According to these results, not only ALDH2 gene, often claimed to be responsible for alcohol dependence among Japanese, but also ADH2 gene polymorphism, which modulates the metabolism of ethanol, play important roles in habitual alcohol intake behavior in Japanese patients and in some patients leads to alcoholic liver diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Founder effect in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA).

We analyzed the polymorphic (CAG)n and (GGC)n repeats of the androgen receptor gene in 113 unrelated X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) X chromosomes and 173 control X chromosomes in Japanese males. The control chromosomes had an average CAG repeat number of 21 +/- 3 with a range from 14-32 repeat units, and SBMA chromosomes had a range from 40-55 with a median of 47 +/- 3 copies. The control chromosomes had seven different alleles of the (GGC)n repeat with the range of 11 to 17; the most frequent size of (GGC)n was 16 (79%), while (GGC)17 was very rare (1%). However, in SBMA chromosomes only two alleles were seen; the most frequent size of (GGC)n was 16 (61%) followed by 17 (39%). (GGC)n size distribution was significantly different between SBMA and control chromosomes (P < 0.0001), indicating the presence of linkage disequilibrium. There was no allelic association between the (CAG)n and (GGC)n microsatellites among control subjects as well as SBMA patients, which suggests that a founder effect makes a more significant contribution to generation of Japanese SBMA chromosomes than new mutations.

Genetic Linkage↗
PubMed1996

Total and segmental subcutaneous adipose tissue volume measured by ultrasound.

Total and segmental subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes (SATV) were estimated and compared in 13 healthy young women with a mean age of 21.4 yr. Total and segmental (head and neck, forearm, upper arm, trunk, thigh, and lower leg) SATV were estimated from subcutaneous adipose tissue layer thickness and the body surface area; the former by B-mode ultrasound and the latter by direct measurement. Consecutive magnetic resonance images (MRI) were obtained from head to toe (10 mm thickness), from which adipose tissue areas as well as total and regional SATV were determined. SATV of the upper arm and thigh estimated by ultrasound was significantly lower compared to that of MRI-measured SATV; however, there were no significant differences found in the other four segments. As a result, total estimated SATV obtained was on average 5.5% lower with ultrasound than with MRI-measured total SATV; however, there were no statistically significant differences between the two values. Significant strong correlations were observed between MRI-measured total and segmental SATV, and SATV estimated by ultrasound (r = 0.79-0.95) for all segments except head and neck. These results show the effectiveness of the ultrasound method for estimating SATV; however, the quantitative analysis tissue volumes would require correction.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Phylogenetic analysis of Streptomyces spp. causing potato scab based on 16S rRNA sequences.

The complete 16S rRNA sequences of 12 strains of Streptomyces spp., including potato scab pathogens, were determined. Among the strains of Streptomyces scabies that were isolated from diverse geographical areas and differed in melanoid pigment production, either no difference or one difference in sequence was observed. The sequence of S. scabies was most similar to the sequences of Streptomyces diastatochromogenes, Streptomyces bottropensis, and Streptomyces neyagawaensis, which belong to the Diastatochromogenes group. The levels of similarity of the 16S rRNA sequences of Streptomyces acidiscabies and S. scabies were almost the same as the levels of similarity between S. acidiscabies and other Streptomyces strains. Streptomyces sp. strain 91-Sy-13, which was isolated in Japan from potato scab and belongs to a distinct species on the basis of phenotypic characteristics and DNA relatedness, exhibited lower levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity with other potato scab pathogens, as well as other Streptomyces species. The phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence data showed that the Streptomyces spp. that cause potato scab composed unique branches. The results of our phylogenetic analysis based on complete 16S rRNA sequences confirmed the lack of close relationships among Streptomyces spp. that cause potato scab. Our findings suggest that potato scab is caused by phylogenetically diverse Streptomyces species and that the pathogenicities of these organisms developed independently.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Effect of antibacterial antibody on bactericidal activities of superoxide and lysosomal enzyme from alveolar macrophages in rabbits.

Alveolar macrophages (AM) have many Fc receptors for IgG, but are less reactive to lymphokines. They have a well-developed oxidative metabolism and contain large amounts of lysosomal enzyme. This suggests that the antibacterial antibody plays an important role in early resistance by AM to intracellular bacterial infection and that a bactericidal agent, dependent on oxygen and lysosomal enzyme, participates in the effects of the antibacterial antibody on bactericidal activities of superoxide (O2-) and lysosomal enzyme from rabbit AM. The number of Listeria monocytogenes in AM increased after pretreatment with saline or normal IgG but decreased by 60% after pretreatment with anti-Listeria and 120 min incubation. Alveolar macrophage-phagocytized Listeria monocytogenes and Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) bound with antibacterial antibody enhanced release of O2-, and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) formazan reduced by O2- was observed around the bacteria in the phagosomes of AM. We also confirmed that Listeria and BCG were killed extracellularly by O2-released by a superoxide-generating system in vitro and/or by lysosomal concluded that the antibacterial antibody of the IgG class enhances the antibacterial activity of AM thereby increasing the production of 02- and lysosomal enzyme in the phagosome. This finding may be important in the early resistance to intracellular bacteria infection by AM in the alveolar spaces.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and congenital heart anomalies.

Two sisters with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and congenital heart disease are herein reported. One was a 20-year-old woman with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and multiple aphthous stomatitis, bronchial asthma, an emphysematous lung, a ventricular septal defect and a bilateral inguinal hernia due to hyperextensibility and joint hypermobility. The other was a 17-year-old girl with the same syndrome and an atrial septal defect, a ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. The combination of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and congenital heart anomalies in these siblings suggest a common genetic defect to be the cause of these diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Crohn's disease associated with colo-bronchial fistula.

An 18-year-old female patient with Crohn's disease presented with left lower lobe pneumonia and pleural effusion which were resistant to treatment with antibiotics. Colo-bronchial fistula had not been recognized until she coughed up yellow sputa with feculent odor and developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. This type of fistula is a rare complication of Crohn's disease, but the present case certainly alerts physicians to search for a fistula between the bronchus and gastrointestinal tract when encountering patients with Crohn's disease accompanied by antibiotic-resistant chronic pneumonia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Noninvasive quantification of iodine-123-iomazenil SPECT.

UNLABELLED: The feasibility of a noninvasive method for quantification of [123I]iomazenil binding using a standardized arterial input function and a single venous blood sample was assessed in normal volunteers. METHODS: Serial SPECT images and blood data from six healthy male volunteers after intravenous injection of [123I]iomazenil were used. The standardized input function was derived by averaging the six subjects' arterial curves. Individual input functions were estimated by calibrating the standardized input function with one-point venous blood radioactivity concentration. Ligand transport (K1) and receptor binding were computed from the estimated input functions and two separate SPECT scans using a table look-up procedure based on a three-compartment, two-parameter model. Reference values for K1 and receptor binding were determined from the serial SPECT data and individual arterial curves using a three-compartment, three-parameter model and curve fitting. RESULTS: Analyses of the error caused by the calibration in relation to the time postinjection revealed that the optimal calibration time was 30 min postinjection. Receptor binding obtained by this simplified method correlated well with the reference values (r = 0.941) and was estimated within an error of 10% in the cerebral cortical regions. Although the estimated K1 showed relatively poor correlation (r = 0.699) with the reference value, it was an excellent relative measure in each subject. CONCLUSION: Our method provided an absolute measure of the benzodiazepine receptor binding and a relative measure of ligand transport from two SPECT scans and a venous blood sample. This method would be useful for quantitative assessment of benzodiazepine receptors in clinical settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[A basic study on gastric emptying test using barium grains and effect of drugs on gastric emptying in rats].

We reported an experimental study on a new non-invasive method for evaluation of gastric emptying by abdominal X-ray after administration of radiopaque barium grains. Adult male Wistar rats weighing around 200 g were used. After they were fasted for 24 hours, 1 ml of gruel mixed with 10 barium grains (1 mm diameter) was introduced into the rat stomach with a catheter. The rats were sacrificed at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes after the introduction of the gruel. X-rays were taken at each time point and grains in the stomach were counted in the X-ray photographs. All barium grains were emptied from the stomach in 150 minutes. After incision of the abdomen, the residual gastric contents were weighed. A positive correlation was found between the grains in the stomach and the weight of the contents. We studied the effects of cisapride, scopolamine buthylbromide and enprostil on the gastric emptying time by this method. Cisapride accelerated gastric emptying, whereas scopolamine buthylbromide delayed it. A prostaglandin E2 analog, enprostil delayed the gastric emptying. This method was found to be a simple procedure which is outstanding for quantitative determination and useful in evaluating gastric emptying functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Parametric images of central-type benzodiazepine receptor binding and ligand transport by two SPECT scans of 123I-iomazenil: relative quantification without blood data].

Parametric images of intrasubject distribution of the central-type benzodiazepine receptor binding and ligand transport were determined from two SPECT images after an intravenous bolus injection of 123I-iomazenil in six healthy volunteers and five patients by using a table look-up procedure based on a 3-compartment, 2-parameter kinetic model. Individual arterial input functions were estimated by calibrating a standardized input function with the injected dose to avoid blood sampling. The parametric images without blood data provided the same information as those determined by using measured arterial input function. A simulation study suggested that this method gave relatively small error as long as true receptor binding and ligand transport did not differ from each other in a large extent. The present method may be practical in clinical settings.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1996

Extraction and retention of technetium-99m-ECD in human brain: dynamic SPECT and oxygen-15-water PET studies.

UNLABELLED: The kinetic behavior of 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (99mTc-ECD) in the human brain was investigated in six normal volunteers. METHODS: Dynamic SPECT and a three-compartmental model were used to estimate the rate constants of 99mTc-ECD in normal human brain. Extraction fraction (E), retention fraction (R) and permeability surface area product (PS product) of 99mTc-ECD were calculated using the rate constants. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by PET with 15O-water. RESULTS: The rate constants in the cerebral cortex were estimated as 0.307 +/- 0.021 for K1 (influx constant), 0.201 +/- 0.047 for k2 (backdiffusion rate constant), 0.547 +/- 0.103 for k3 (lipophilic-to-hydrophilic conversion constant) and 0.0028 +/- 0.0012 for k5 (rate constant from lipophilic compartment to blood) at rCBF of 0.509 +/- 0.055 ml/g/min (mean +/- s.d.). The first-pass extraction, retention fraction and PS product were calculated as 0.608 +/- 0.069, 0.734 +/- 0.047 and 0.477 +/- 0.060, respectively. The first-pass extraction of 99mTc-ECD decreased significantly with increases in rCBF. The retention fraction and PS product of 99mTc-ECD did not show significant changes within the normal range of rCBF. The net extraction of 99mTc-ECD calculated from the static SPECT image obtained from 20 to 40 min was 0.358 +/- 0.039 in the cortex. CONCLUSION: Technetium-99m-ECD has a fairly high brain extraction, and its retention fraction and PS product appear to be independent of rCBF in the healthy human brain.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

One-day protocol for cerebral perfusion reserve with acetazolamide.

UNLABELLED: A one-day protocol with a double injection of 99mTc-ECD was introduced for the assessment of cerebral perfusion reserve with acetazolamide (ACZ). The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of this protocol. METHODS: Thirty subjects were given double injections of 99mTc-ECD (first dose 370 MBq; second dose 740 MBq) for consecutive brain perfusion studies. Serial dynamic SPECT scans (1 min x 50 frames) were performed with the first set of SPECT data obtained by totaling the data for the frames taken between 5 and 20 min, and the second by subtracting the decay and dose-corrected initial SPECT data from the sum of the data obtained between 35 and 50 min. To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the procedure, 23 of the 30 subjects were injected with ACZ 14 min after the first dose. To evaluate the reproducibility, seven subjects were not given the ACZ. The washout rate (WR) was calculated for three stages (WR1 = from 6 to 14 min, WR2 = from 20 to 28 min, and WR3 = from 36 to 44 min). Regional count increase (percent increase) and the percent count difference between normal and affected side (percent difference) were also calculated. RESULTS: Values for WR1, WR2 and WR3 did not show significant differences among the stages (WR1 = -1.43% +/- 6.09%, WR2 = -0.65% +/- 6.57%, and WR3 = -1.60% +/- 4.28%; F-value = 0.33, p-value = 0.72). Reproducibility was excellent (second SPECT = 0.964 x first SPECT; r = 0.997). Mean count increase after ACZ was 21.7%. In patients with unilateral cerebrovascular disease, the percent increase after ACZ loading was significantly greater on the normal side (26.6% +/- 13.0%) than on the affected side (19.3% +/- 13.2%) (p < 0.01), resulting in a significant increase in percent difference (control: 14.3% +/- 10.7%, ACZ: 19.2% +/- 11.5%; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: ECD washout was minimal during the first 50 min after injection and was not affected by ACZ, which supports the feasibility of this protocol. The simple procedure and short acquisition time of this method renders it clinically useful for measuring cerebral perfusion reserve.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1995

A case of achondroplasia with downward displacement of the brain stem.

We report a case of achondroplasia with downward displacement of the brain stem. Although upward displacement and anterior angulation deformity of the brain stem are common findings in achondroplasia, they were not observed in this case, because of a coexistent Chiari malformation.

Achondroplasia↗
PubMed1995

Changes in cerebral blood flow induced by balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery under hypotension.

Balloon test occlusion (BTO) of the internal carotid artery (ICA) combined with cerebral blood flow (CBF) study has proved to be a sensitive test for prediction of the outcome of permanent vessel occlusion. In this study, we evaluated the acute changes in regional CBF during BTO under hypotension in order to examine the possible risk of cerebral ischaemia after surgical treatment. Eleven patients in whom surgical carotid sacrifice was planned underwent BTO combined with CBF studies using technetium-99m hexamethyl-propylene amine oxime single-photon emission tomography under hypotension by decreasing the systemic blood pressure by about 50 mm Hg using a ganglion blocking agent. All patients showed a mild to severe decrease in CBF in the ipsilateral ICA territory relative to the contralateral side. A decrease in CBF of greater than 20% was observed in nine patients (82%), and two of them showed a decrease exceeding 40%. However, no ischaemic symptoms were demonstrated during scanning with hypotensive BTO. Our results suggest that in many patients with negative normotensive BTO, a considerable reduction in CBF would occur during hypotension. This procedure may predict a possible risk of hypotensive accident during and/or after surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Limited value of interictal brain perfusion SPECT for detection of epileptic foci: high resolution SPECT studies in comparison with FDG-PET.

Accurate localization of epileptic foci is important for pre-surgical evaluation of patients with medically intractable epilepsy, and F-18 FDG PET has been proved to be a valuable method for this purpose. To examine the clinical value with interictal brain perfusion SPECT, we performed brain perfusion SPECT of Tc-99m HMPAO by means of a high resolution SPECT camera, and compared the results with F-18 FDG PET images and MRI in 10 patients with medically intractable epilepsy. In 9 of 10 patients (90%), FDG PET images showed focal hypo-metabolism in the area corresponding with the results of electroencephalography (EEG). SPECT images, however, demonstrated hypo-perfused lesions which corresponded with hypo-metabolic lesions on FDG PET images in only 6 cases (60%). Although MRI showed abnormal findings in 8 cases, the lesions were not directly related to epileptic foci in 2 cases. In conclusion, FDG PET is a valuable tool for accurate localization of epileptic foci. Brain perfusion SPECT, however, may not always be paralleled to metabolism visualized on FDG PET images.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Surgical treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung: advantage of preoperative chemotherapy.

To assess the effect of chemotherapy on postoperative survival of patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), 46 patients who underwent surgery at Kyoto University between 1976 and 1991 were retrospectively reviewed. Seventeen patients (37.0%) received chemotherapy prior to as well as after surgery (neoadjuvant therapy group), 23 (50.5%) received chemotherapy only after surgery (adjuvant therapy group), and the other six received no chemotherapy (non-chemotherapy group). The 5-year survival rate of patients with c-Stage I or II disease in the neoadjuvant therapy group was as high as 80.0%, which seemed to be higher, although with no statistical significance, than that in the adjuvant therapy group (37.7%, P = 0.10). The 5-year survival rate of patients with c-Stage III (IIIa or IIIb) disease in the neoadjuvant therapy group, although not satisfactory (10.0%), was significantly higher than that in the adjuvant therapy group (0.0%, P = 0.04). No patients in the non-chemotherapy group had survived 5 years. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that failure to employ preoperative chemotherapy was the strongest prognostic factor causing a poor prognosis (P = 0.01). On the other hand, eight (30.8%) out of 26 patients with c-Stage I or II disease postoperatively proved to have mediastinal lymph node involvement (pN2-3), and two (7.7%) proved to have intrapulmonary metastasis (PM). Considering the advantage of preoperative chemotherapy and the discrepancy between c- and p-stage, sufficient chemotherapy prior to surgery should be employed, and may realize a good prognosis in patients with c-Stage I or II disease. In contrast, patients with c-Stage III disease are not appropriate as candidates for surgery even if preoperative chemotherapy is performed.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Pulmonary metastasis of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of the minor salivary gland.

A surgical case of pulmonary metastases of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) originating from the minor salivary gland in the soft palate in a 62-year-old woman is reported. PLGA has been to be a locally invasive carcinoma without distant metastases; thus our case is the first reported case with histologically-proven distant metastases to the lung. We emphasise that attention should be paid to distant metastases especially to the lung even in case of PLGA.

Adenocarcinoma↗