Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to F R Ferraro.
Comprehension of brief computer-displayed text was investigated. Question-answering ability was affected by both rate of text presentation and text difficulty. More importantly, though, text presented one word at a time was comprehended better than text presented in multiword units or chunks. Results are discussed with regard to optimizing reading from computer displays.
In two experiments the allocation of attention during the recognition of ambiguous and unambiguous words was investigated. In Experiment 1, separate groups performed either lexical decision, auditory probe detection, or their combination. In the combined condition probes occurred 90, 180, or 270 ms following the onset of the lexical-decision target. Lexical decisions and probe responses were fastest for ambiguous words, followed by unambiguous words and pseudowords, respectively, which indicated that processing ambiguous words was less attention demanding than unambiguous words or pseudowords. Attention demands decreased across the timecourse of word recognition for all stimulus types. In Experiment 2, one group performed the lexical-decision task alone, whereas another group performed the lexical-decision task during the retention interval of a short-term memory task. The results were consistent with those from Experiment 1 and showed that word recognition is an attention-demanding process and that the demands are inversely related to the number of meanings of the stimulus. These results are discussed with regard to the structure of the mental lexicon (i.e., single vs. multiple lexical entries) and the effect of such a structure on attentional mechanisms.
BACKGROUND: Circadian variability in depression has not been well characterized with respect to the "eveningness-morningness" dimension. METHODS: The "eveningness-morningness" dimension, as measured by the Home and Ostberg questionnaire, was examined among a student population (n = 1617) that was named as "depressive". Three depression scales (BDI, GDS-SF, and CESD) were used to determine "depressiveness". The Horne and Ostberg questionnaire was used to measure the degree of "eveningness-morningness". It was hypothesized that there would be negative and significant correlations between the scores on the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire and the depression scales. Consequently, it was expected that there would be a significantly higher number of evening types than the morning types among the participants identified as "depressives". RESULTS: There were significant, negative correlations between the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire scores and the responses on the 3 depression scales (for BDI r= -.174, GDS-SF r= -.182, CESD r = -.176, all p < .001). Also, a significantly higher incidence of evening types than of the morning types among the "depressive" students was found (chi2 = 11.18, p < .01). LIMITATIONS: It is uncertain to what extent these data generalize to clinical populations. CONCLUSIONS: "Depressive" college students are more likely to be evening types.
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