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Biomedical subjects

F Oberklaid

Publications and source records attributed to F Oberklaid.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Acute asthma in children: evaluation of management in a hospital emergency department.

To test the premise that asthma in children is treated erratically and often inappropriately, we studied the medical records of children with asthma presenting to the emergency department of a paediatric teaching hospital over a 12-month period. Four hundred and twenty-two patients (10% of those eligible) were selected; they ranged in age from 5 months to 17 years with a mean age of 5.4 years and a male to female ratio of 1.6:1. Eighty-six per cent of patients were self referred and 53% had a documented history of asthma. Thirty-seven per cent of patients were not taking medication at the time of presentation and 19% had been prescribed antibiotics. Documentation of physical findings in the medical record was generally inconsistent. For the vast majority of patients the treatment given was a nebulised beta-agonist, with 30% receiving oral corticosteroids. Seventy-six per cent of patients were able to be discharged from the emergency department, but 10% of these patients re-presented during the same attack. When discharged, 98% of patients were taking beta-agonists, 23.5% theophylline and 29% corticosteroids (usually a short oral course). For over one-third of patients attending the emergency department no documented follow-up arrangements were made. The poor documentation of severity and the variability of treatment of asthma among physicians, both in the community and in the emergency department, is cause for concern. There is a need for further education of health professionals in the appropriate assessment, documentation and treatment of asthma in children.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1991

Risk indicators: assessment of infancy predictors of pre-school behavioural maladjustment.

The prediction of later outcome from factors present in infancy has been an ongoing concern, with difficult temperament frequently being posited as one important risk factor. Using data from a longitudinal study of a large representative sample of children, and a categorical approach to analysis, a set of infancy risk factors covering within-child, environmental and relationship variables was related to behavioural and emotional adjustment at 4-5 years. Single risk factors, including difficult temperament, resulted in only modest increases in the prevalence of later maladjustment. However, certain combinations of risk factors were associated with markedly increased prevalence rates. The results indicate the cumulative effects of risk factors, and the need to consider temperament within a contextual framework.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1991

Temperament and behavior of preterm infants: a six-year follow-up.

To test the commonly held premise that prematurity is a risk factor for problems of behavior and social interaction, as well as cognitive and physical development, temperament and behavior of children born preterm and full-term control subjects were compared at five separate time periods from infancy through early school age. All the preterm infants (n = 126) of a representative group of infants enrolled in a longitudinal study (n = 2443) were surveyed at 4 to 8 months corrected age. Subsamples of the group were studied further in successive years as young toddlers (n = 65), older toddlers (n = 60), preschoolers (n = 84), and at early school age (n = 81). At each period there were no differences between those studied and those not studied on socioeconomic status, gestational age, sex, or birth order. Parental ratings of temperament and behavior were used at appropriate ages: the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire, the Toddler Temperament Scale, the Childhood Temperament Questionnaire, Behaviour Checklist, Preschool Behaviour Questionnaire, and Rutter's Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ), as well as mother's overall rating of temperament. In infancy there were no significant differences on temperament dimensions, clinical temperament categories, or parental ratings of individual or composite behaviors between the preterm and full-term groups. For toddlers, temperament scores were similar for the two groups but preterm subjects were significantly more likely (P less than .01) to have an easy temperament and less likely to have a difficult temperament. There were no differences on any of the other temperament or behavior ratings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1990

It's time: the future of school health in Australia.

School medical services in Australia have a long tradition of providing community-based services to school-aged children, and in some states to preschool children. Conceived as a public health measure early this century, doctors and nurses worked in schools to address the health issues of the time, which were largely to do with nutrition, hygiene, and infectious diseases. It was perceived that many children had poor access to medical care, and began school with unaddressed health problems which often had a deleterious effect on their learning. Doctors were often employed by education authorities and only transferred to health departments many years later. In some states the service was expanded subsequently to include preschool children, based on the concept that the earlier problems were detected the earlier they could be treated appropriately and the greater the benefits to the child. While social structures, community needs and paediatric morbidity patterns have changed dramatically over recent years, there is a widespread perception that in some states school medical services have not yet embraced fully the changing needs of the population of school children they are designed to serve. Hamstrung by political expediency (with decision-making driven by political rather than scientific considerations) and bureaucratic inertia, school nurses and doctors often operate in structures and systems that are urgently in need of review and reorganization. In this paper the rationale for current processes will be reviewed critically, a model of school health services focused on contemporary paediatric needs is proposed, and a set of factors which are considered essential to the development of the school health services of the future is outlined.

Australia↗
PubMed1990

Assessment of temperament in the toddler age group.

We used the Toddler Temperament Scale with large representative samples of younger (mean age = 20.5 months; N = 1188) and older (mean age = 35.4 months; N = 1360) Australian toddlers. There were significant sex differences on 6 of the temperament dimensions for the young group, and on 5 of the 9 dimensions for the older group. Older boys were also more likely to be categorized clinically as having a "difficult" temperament and less likely to have an "easy" temperament. Each group was divided into quartiles according to socioeconomic status. For the younger toddlers there were significant differences in 3 of 9 temperament dimensions, and for the older group there were significant differences in 7 of 9 dimensions. Groups with higher socioeconomic status had temperament ratings which were more likely to make them easier to manage, and to be categorized clinically as having an easy temperament, but toddlers with low socioeconomic status were more likely to have a difficult temperament. There were significant differences in temperament dimension scores between Australian toddlers and those studied in an American setting. These results indicate that toddler temperament ratings differ according to age, sex, social class, and cultural context. Great caution needs to be taken in interpreting individual temperament profiles utilizing comparison data obtained from different sociocultural settings. Future temperament "norms" may need to specify characteristics of the group of children from which they were derived to allow more valid comparisons.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Single dose trimethoprim for urinary tract infection.

A randomised clinical trial of single dose trimethoprim against a seven day course of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole) for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection was carried out in 106 children aged between 2 and 16 years. Of the 50 children with confirmed urinary tract infections who were followed up 48 hours after treatment with a single dose of trimethoprim all were free of infection, whereas two of the 56 who received the course of co-trimoxazole (4%) had persisting infections. At follow up after 10 days, however, significantly more of the group treated with trimethoprim had evidence of recurrent urinary tract infection compared with those who had received co-trimoxazole (10 of 44, 23%, compared with one of 46, 2%). Of the recurrences in the trimethoprim group, six were asymptomatic. We conclude that single dose trimethoprim is effective in clearing the urine of bacteria, but the risk of asymptomatic bacteriuria soon after treatment is high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Auditory dysfunction in children with school problems.

One hundred thirty-three children with school problems referred to a hospital-based multi-disciplinary clinic were screened audiologically to determine the frequency of auditory problems, and to determine whether one could predict auditory problems from clinical data. Ninety-three (69.9%) failed one or more parts of the screening procedure. Twenty-two children (7.9% of the total group) had abnormal hearing acuity, 33 (30.6%) abnormal speech discrimination in noise, and 73 (62.4%) abnormal short term auditory memory. These figures are significantly higher than those found in a representative sample of school children. Not one of 16 items from parent and teacher questionnaires and neurodevelopmental findings predicted auditory acuity or speech in noise problems; there were correlations between short term auditory memory items and parental and teacher rating of a language problem, teacher rating of reading and sequencing problem, and neurodevelopmental finding of auditory sequencing problem. In view of this inability to clinically predict auditory processing deficits, the authors suggest that a full audiological assessment, including short term memory and speech in noise testing, is warranted as part of the evaluation of children with learning difficulties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Factors affecting the selection of doctor of first contact in the western region of Melbourne: an interview study of parents of sick children.

An interview study investigating attitudinal and other factors influencing the selection of primary medical care (PMC) is described. It focuses on parents of sick children, excluding those with trauma or medical/surgical emergencies, and was conducted in part of the Western Region (WR) of Melbourne in late 1983, the period immediately prior to the introduction of Medicare. It is based on a cross-sectional survey of in-hours attenders of eight general practices (GP), the Western Region Community Health Centre (WRCHC), the general clinic of the casualty departments at the Western General Hospital (WGH), and the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH), a teaching hospital outside the region. The most commonly stated reasons for attendance at services generally were 'closeness to home/work', 'recommendation' and 'good service'. 'Cheap/economic reasons' were given less frequently overall than the above reasons. There were however some differences in reasons given by attenders at different places of care. 'Cheap/economic reasons' was offered significantly more often and 'recommendation' significantly less often by WGH attenders compared with other attenders. 'Specialists available' and 'dissatisfaction with other doctors' was offered significantly more frequently and 'close to home' and 'no other doctor' significantly less frequently by RCH attenders than other attenders. Health insurance status did not differ significantly at the different places of care. Attenders of the RCH were significantly more knowledgeable about community health centres than GP or WGH attenders. Non-GP attenders had more often used other than their current place of care for treatment in the recent past than GP attenders had.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Australian paediatricians and the new morbidity: a national survey of changing paediatric practice patterns.

General paediatricians across Australia were surveyed to determine whether their practice reflected the commonly held assumption that paediatrics was changing, with an increased emphasis on ambulatory and community care and involvement with conditions comprising the new morbidity. A 10 page questionnaire was mailed to every paediatrician in the Australian College of Paediatrics directory of members considered to be practising general paediatrics. Of a total of 287 questionnaires distributed, 224 were returned (response rate 80.9%). Two-thirds of respondents practised in a capital city, while the remaining third were divided equally between isolated paediatricians and those who practised in a provincial city. Only 15 paediatricians (6.8%) spent more than half their time involved in inpatient care, while 60% spent less than one-fifth of their time with inpatients. There was no correlation between inpatient involvement and length of paediatric practice, but surprisingly there was a significant trend (P = 0.007) for paediatricians practising in a capital city to do more inpatient work. Respondents were provided with a list of eight conditions held commonly to comprise the new morbidity, and there was a strong response indicating an increase in children seen with these conditions over the past 5 years, as well as a decrease in children with clearly identifiable organic disease. Furthermore, respondents indicated in absolute terms the numbers of patients seen in the past month with each of the conditions. Results confirmed the significant numbers of children seen with conditions comprising the new morbidity, their increased presentation to paediatricians in the past 5 years and the predominance of non-inpatient work in consultant paediatric practice in Australia.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1988

Postgraduate training in paediatrics: analysis of deficiencies as perceived by paediatricians.

A listing of all general paediatricians in the country was obtained from the directory of members of the Australian College of Paediatrics. Each of the 287 paediatricians identified was sent a questionnaire requesting information about morbidity patterns of patients seen in their practices and their views regarding paediatric training. The response rate was 80.9%. Half the respondents had been in practice for 10 years or less, while two-thirds practised in a capital city. Respondents rated their training in each of 10 organic specialty areas, on average, as having been appropriate. However, when given a listing of nine areas related to child development and behaviour, chronic disease and counselling, 70% rated training in these areas as having been inadequate; this figure was even higher for recent graduates. Less than one-third had formal training in developmental, behavioural and community paediatrics; the remaining two-thirds of respondents acquired their knowledge by clinical experience, books or journals, professional contacts or meetings. This was despite the fact that almost 80% of respondents felt that practical experience was not an adequate substitute for formal training in developmental and behavioural paediatrics. There was an encouraging trend for paediatricians who had been in practice for 10 years or less to have had training in these areas, although the number was still less than half. Almost 90% of respondents felt that changes were needed in paediatric training to equip trainees for general paediatric practice, while 62% of respondents were of the opinion that the present FRACP training system mitigated against appropriate training for general paediatrics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1988

Temperament in Australian toddlers.

A revised validated version of the Toddler Temperament Scale (TTS) was used to develop normative data for temperament in Australian toddlers. Results confirm the accepted practice of dividing the group into younger and older toddlers, with normative data reported for those younger and older than 24 months. The TTS can be used above the normal cut-off age of 36 months. Care must be taken with interpretation of temperament scores, especially when comparing children of different backgrounds.

Australia↗
PubMed1987

Infant colic, distress, and crying.

The literature regarding infant colic is critically reviewed. Although there have been a number of theories proposed as to etiology of colic, the literature is characterized by difficulties in definition, methodologic problems, and numerous claims as to both etiology and management that are anecdotal. Infant colic is best conceptualized as the end result of a complex transaction between the infant and his environment, with multiple factors responsible for the crying and distress of an infant. The most important factors in appropriate intervention are a physician's receptivity and sensitivity toward the stressed mother, together with an interested and practical approach to providing adequate support while delineating the individual stresses acting on both mother and baby. Future research is needed to delineate markers for those subgroups of infants who may present with crying as a manifestation of specific clinical situations.

Animals↗