Biomedical subjects

F Milgrom

Publications and source records attributed to F Milgrom.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Enzyme immunoassay with cell suspensions: studies on reactions between serum antibodies and cell-surface antigens.

The following reactions of serum antibodies with cell surface antigens were studied by means of an enzyme immunoassay with cell suspensions: Rh antiserum with human red blood cells; H-2 antisera with murine red blood cells; H-2 antisera with murine thymocytes and hepatocytes; Thy-1 antiserum with murine thymocytes; polyvalent and monovalent HLA alloantisera with human leukocytes and human mononuclear cells, and antisera of murine origin with human and marmoset lymphoid cell lines. In all instances, with the exception of monovalent HLA antisera, the assay proved to be a sensitive and highly specific procedure.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Non-organ specific thermostable tissue antigens.

Thermostable ethanol insoluble antigens (BE antigens) were identified that occur in all human tissues and human dispersed cells, but which are absent from normal human serum. In contradistinction to previously described organ-specific BE antigens, these antigens were referred to as non-organ-specific tissue antigens (NOST). Antisera obtained by immunization of rabbits with BE preparations of human organs had been selected for being devoid of any organ specificity and had been absorbed by BE preparations of pooled human serum. Such antisera could be used as reagents for detection of NOST BE antigens in pathological human sera. Inhibition of enzyme immunoassay proved to be a convenient procedure for these studies. Inhibition of 35% or more was only exceptionally noted in studying sera of normal subjects 20-40 years old, but inhibition exceeding 35% (positive results) was noted in 48% of sera from subjects at the age of 70 years or more. A high incidence of positive results was also encountered in sera of patients with end-stage renal disease (30%), renal graft recipients (18%), and in patients with lymphoma or leukemia (44%), but interestingly enough, no positive tests were noted in patients with lepromatous leprosy.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Studies on in vitro production of Paul-Bunnell antibodies.

Two cell lines secreting Paul-Bunnell antibodies were established by means of Epstein-Barr virus-induced immortalization of B lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis. Progressive loss of antibody production, most probably due to a shutdown of antibody secretion by individual cells was, however, observed. The first of the established cell lines lost its secretion ability after 10 weeks, and the second after 33 weeks of culture. Further improvements of the technique are necessary to stabilize the antibody secretion.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Antibodies to Newcastle disease virus in various human diseases.

Sera of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) and various other diseases were studied for agglutinins against Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-modified human group O red blood cells (NDVO) and antibodies to the NDV preparations. In agreement with previous studies, the NDVO antibodies are found in a wide variety of diseases in addition to IM, including Japanese IM-like syndrome (22%), syphilis (24%), lepromatous leprosy (30%), systemic lupus erythematosus (29%), multiple sclerosis (18%) and cancer (17%); these antibodies were also found in patients with renal allografts (29%). It was also noted that the Victoria (VIC), Roakin and Herts strains, but not B1 strain of NDV are active in the NDVO agglutination, and VIC and Roakin strains, but not B1 strain in the immunodiffusion. Immunodiffusion and enzyme immunoassay with various preparations of the VIC strain revealed that the major antigen(s) of the virus under study is carried by the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (H-N) glycoproteins. The H-N molecule was also shown to be able to modify human erythrocytes for the agglutination by the pathologic sera.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1985

Specificity of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus.

Specificity of antibodies to Victoria strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) found in infectious mononucleosis (IM) and other pathologic sera was investigated by agglutination of NDV-modified human O red blood cells, as well as by immunodiffusion and enzyme immunoassay with various preparations of the virus. These studies clearly demonstrated that the NDV antibodies are distinct from P-B or H-D antibodies. The unexpected observation that guinea pig kidney (GPK) tissues absorbed NDV antibodies allowed their classification into a group of 'GPK-positive' heterophile antibodies. The simultaneous occurrence of the NDV antibodies and H-D antibodies in IM and other diseases suggests the possibility that multiple new antigenic determinants, especially those of carbohydrate nature, may appear due to the alteration of self-antigens as a result of various pathologic processes.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1985

Induction of antibodies in rats to a rat carcinoembryonic antigen.

In a previous communication, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) of rat, which is an analogue to human CEA, was demonstrated in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas induced in inbred Fischer rats by injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Antibodies detectable by enzyme immunoassay were elicited in Fischer rats by immunization with a perchloric acid extract of the CEA-containing rat tumor, RCA-1, incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant. Specificity studies showed that activity of the rat antisera could be virtually abolished by inhibition with the tumor extract used at a concentration of 25 micrograms/ml. Inhibition by newborn rat tissues required extract at a concentration of 250 micrograms/ml. Extracts of normal adult tissues did not inhibit at these concentrations, but did inhibit at a concentration of 2,500 micrograms/ml. The results showed that rat CEA, though present in low concentration in normal adult rat tissue, is capable of eliciting an immune response in rats.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1985

Detection of a thermostable brain antigen in the circulation of patients after cerebrovascular accident.

Enzyme immunoassay was developed with a thermostable antigen of human brain and its corresponding antiserum of rabbit origin. Inhibition of this assay proved to be a sensitive technique for detection of this antigen in the circulation. Using the inhibition test, we tested 170 serum samples originating from 42 patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA), 166 sera from 166 patients with other neurological disorders, and 56 sera from 56 normal subjects. Fourteen patients with CVA were found to be "positive' and 28 "negative'. Positive results in inhibition tests were first noted within 1-2 days after CVA and they appeared to decline to negative values within 3-5 weeks after CVA. None of the sera from subjects without CVA were positive.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Effect of immunization or cyclophosphamide treatment on growth of EL-4 leukemia cells in syngenic C57BL/6 mice.

Prolonged survival of C57BL/6 (B6) mice bearing syngenic EL-4 leukemia cells resulted from immunization with irradiated EL-4 cells on the day of inoculation of live leukemia cells. No prolongation of survival was observed if the irradiated cells were injected 6 or 13 days after live cell inoculation. Protection also was observed in EL-4-bearing mice that were treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) rather than by immunization, however, the protective effects were observed only when CY treatment was instituted 6 days after inoculation of live leukemia cells. No protection was seen when CY was administered on the day of, or 13 days after inoculation of live leukemia cells. In fact, administration of CY on the day live EL-4 cells were inoculated appeared to enhance the lethal effects of the tumor. In mice that underwent combined treatment, i.e., immunization and CY, prolonged survival was seen only in the group that received combined treatment 6 days after inoculation of live leukemia cells. No protection was seen in mice receiving combined treatment on the day of or 13 days after inoculation of live leukemia cells. The role that suppressor T cells might play in the observed results is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Comparison of some procedures detecting circulating immune complexes.

Tests for circulating immune complexes were performed by means of 1) plain polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation (PEGprec), 2) immunoelectrophoresis of PEG precipitates (IEpp), 3) anti-antibody (AA) inhibition test with sera (AA-Is), and 4) AA inhibition test with PEG precipitates (AA-Ipp). The tests were performed with 156 pathological sera from patients with myasthenia gravis, syphilis, adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and 51 normal sera from blood donors. PEGprec was positive with 76 sera, IEpp with 84 sera, AA-Is with 64 sera, and AA-Ipp with 74 sera. Comparison of results in all four tests showed high degree of correlation; all p values were below 0.005. The lower sensitivity of AA inhibition tests was due to the fact that these tests detect only complexes formed by IgG but not by IgM, whereas the remaining two tests detect complexes formed by antibodies of both these immunoglobulin classes. When sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and SLE were removed from the material studied, the four tests showed about equal sensitivity. PEGprec gave positive results with two normal sera and the remaining tests were negative with all these sera. It appears that the simultaneous application of PEGprec, IEpp, AA-Is and AA-Ipp will give sensitive and reliable procedure for detecting circulating immune complexes.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗

PubMed1985

De novo formation of immune complexes in human kidney allografts.

Cryostat sections of 11 rejected human renal grafts were selected for positive results in immunofluorescence tests. Immune complexes were detected in glomerular basement membrane (9 cases), tubular basement membrane (3 cases), and vessels (5 cases). Preincubation of the sections with FII of pooled human serum, but not of rabbit serum, prevented the staining of immune complexes for human IgG. These findings were interpreted by the assumption that most complexes under study were produced by reaction of the patient's altered IgG with the rheumatoid-like factor of IgG variety.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗

PubMed1985

Rabbits immunized with mixtures of staphylococcal protein A and autologous IgG produce anti-human IgG antibodies.

The results of this study provide evidence that protein A may render IgG immunogenic in the autologous host. Antibodies to human but not rabbit IgG were detected in sera of rabbits immunized with a mixture of autologous serum and protein A. Anti-human IgG antibodies appeared within 2 weeks at which time the antibodies were of the IgM class. Upon further immunization, both IgM and IgG antibodies were produced with the IgG class predominating. The antibodies elicited by a mixture of protein A with autologous IgG resembled those which arise in response to autologous IgG that has been denatured by physicochemical means, in that they react mainly with foreign species IgG and weakly, if at all, with IgG of rabbit origin.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Specificity of transplantation heterophile antibodies.

Sera of 154 recipients of renal allografts were studied for transplantation heterophile (T-H) antibodies by means of immunodiffusion, mixed agglutination (MA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). T-H antibodies were found by immunodiffusion against bovine red blood cell (BRBC) extracts (15%) and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) extracts (12%): The specificity of antibodies to BRBC was shown to be distinct from that of antibodies to SRBC. Both of these T-H antibody types were absorbable by guinea pig kidney ( GPK ) tissue sediments and, therefore, they could be classified into the GPK -positive group of heterophile antibodies. The MA test was successfully employed to demonstrate directly T-H antibodies combining with antigens of GPK . Results of the MA inhibition studies and those of EIA indicated that some of the BRBC antibodies are directed to antigens of asialo-high molecular-weight glycoprotein of BRBC.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Heterophile antibodies in sera of patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

Sera of 6 patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome and sera of their mothers were studied for heterophile antibodies. Sera of 5 patients as well as 5 sera of their mothers contained antibodies against trypsinized bovine erythrocytes, tissue sediments of guinea pig kidney or high molecular weight glycoprotein (HMWGP) of bovine erythrocyte stromata. The antibodies combining with HMWGP in enzyme immunoassay belonged to IgM and IgG classes. Although none of the sera had significant titer of agglutinins against sheep erythrocytes, on the basis of absorption and inhibition studies, these antibodies seemed to belong to the Hanganutziu-Deicher group of antibodies.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Classification of human heterophile antibodies.

A classification of heterophile antibodies is proposed, which is based on interactions with guinea pig kidney homogenate. The major groups of antibodies combining with guinea pig kidney encompass Hanganutziu-Deicher antibodies, Forssman antibodies, and antibodies to Newcastle disease virus. Antibodies which fail to combine with guinea pig kidney are primarily those of Paul-Bunnell variety.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Serological interactions among sera of human renal graft recipients.

Serological interactions among sera of human renal graft recipients in double diffusion in gel were observed by chance. Antigen was detected in six of 127 recipients and antibody in two of 30 recipients tested. One of the six recipients carrying the antigen had also antibody in one serum sample. On the basis of the pattern of reactions observed, the hypothesis was expressed that the described antigen-antibody system had "pan" rather than "allo" character.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗

PubMed1984

Reactions of infectious mononucleosis sera with glutaraldehyde-treated human erythrocytes.

Infectious mononucleosis sera gave positive results in enzymoimmunoassay with glutaraldehyde-treated human erythrocytes. This unexpected reaction appeared to be caused by the interaction of Paul-Bunnell (P-B) antibodies with a partial P-B antigen that apparently appears on human red blood cells in a hidden form and becomes exposed by the treatment with glutaraldehyde.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed1984

Distribution of P2 antigen in neural and non-neural bovine tissues.

Rabbit antisera to bovine nerve preparations were used to study the tissue distribution in the ox of P2, an antigen specific for the peripheral nervous system. Double diffusion gel precipitation tests were able to demonstrate P2 in spinal nerves, trigeminal nerve, spinal cord, medulla oblongata, and pons, but not in higher centers of the CNS, optic nerve, or non-neural tissues. A highly sensitive inhibition of enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect and quantitate low levels of P2. By this assay, P2 was found to be most concentrated in peripheral nerves, with decreasing amounts found in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum, and cerebral peduncle. No P2 was found in the thalamus, cerebrum, or optic nerve; however, low levels of P2 were detected in the adrenal medulla, a non-neural tissue composed largely of cells derived from the embryonic neural crest region.

Adrenal Medulla↗

PubMed1984

Cardiotoxicity of Forssman antibodies in in vitro perfusion experiments.

Guinea pig heart was perfused in vitro by xenogeneic sera. Sera from both Forssman-positive and Forssman-negative animals exerted strong cardiotoxicity. The toxic effect of rabbit sera could be very significantly decreased by absorption or neutralization of the naturally occurring Forssman antibodies, pointing to the significant role played by these antibodies in the "rejection" of a Forssman-positive organ.

Animals↗