Development of the motor memory trace and control program.
A theoretical explanation of the development of the memory trace constrained to fit into a computer analog requires a coded reference "image" of the intended motor act, a tentative control program (memory trace) based on mobilizing and coordinating various pre-established motor-control subroutines, and an afferent neural description of the act as actually performed. The afferent information is non-consciously compared with the reference image, and the resulting discrepancy used to modify the control program so as to reproduce the reference image more exactly on the next attempt. The discrepancy consists of the sum of two types of differences, between image and program (present during learning) and the error difference between program and performance. The trial-by-trial discrepancies cumulate in the memory trace, so that during both learning and postlearning practice the error component results in a within-individual odd-even trial correlation. This constitutes a mechanism for a remoteness effect in the inter-trial correlation matrix generated in a group of individuals during post-learning as well as learning conditions. Fifty-one individuals performed 50 trials on a simple arm movement task; 35 of these (the learners) showed individual systematic improvement during the first 20 trials but no improvement during the last 24; 16 (the non-learners) failed to improve with practice. Separate correlational analyses (both within- and inter-individual) of the two groups resulted in a variety of patterns that were predicted a priori in the learners by the theory, as did the 49 learners of another sample of 51 who performed a more complicated arm movement task. Also, as predicted, the non-learners failed to produce organized correlation patterns.