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Biomedical subjects

F L Trowbridge

Publications and source records attributed to F L Trowbridge.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Anthropometric nutrition status and diarrhea prevalence in children in El Salvador.

Data are presented to quantify the relationship between nutritional status and diarrheal disease reported in a 1-week period in children in El Salvador. A strong association was observed between reported diarrhea and combined wasting (defined by low weight-for-height) and stunting (defined by low height-for-age). This association held for all age groups studied and was consistently observed in the seasons of low and high prevalence of malnutrition. There were also significant associations between reported diarrhea and wasting alone, low weight-for-age, and low arm circumference. No consistent association was observed between reported diarrhea and stunting or chronic undernutrition as defined by low height-for-age, suggesting that short stature is not, by itself, a risk factor for diarrhea. Previously defined seasonal patterns of malnutrition for El Salvador as a whole were confirmed and appear to affect some geographic subregions more severely than others. Definition of these regional and seasonal patterns of malnutrition and their association with diarrhea has implications for the targeting and timing of nutrition interventions.

Body Height↗
PubMed1980

Sensitivity and specificity of arm circumference indicators in identifying malnourished children.

Arm circumference indicators of nutritional status such as simple arm circumference, arm circumference-for-age and arm circumference-for-height have advantages for field use because of their simplicity and low cost. However, these indicators need to be evaluated in terms of their ability to identify children who are manourished by more accepted criteria such as weight-for-age and weight-for-height. This study used sensitivity-specificity analysis to evaluate arm circumference indicators in 3838 children 1 to 4 years of age in a rural area of El Salvador. It was found that simple arm circumference gave sensitivity-specificity results similar to arm circumference-for-age and generally better than arm circumference-for-height in identifying children with low weight-for-age. The three arm circumference indicators gave similar sensitivity-specificity results in identifying children with low weight-for-height. Linear correlations of the arm circumference indicators with weight-for-age and weight-for-height gave results which correspond to the results of sensitivity-specificity analysis, but the information obtained from correlations to was less useful in evaluating the adequacy of the individual arm circumference indicators for screening purposes. Sensitivity-specificity analysis is proposed as useful method for evaluating indicators for use in nutritional surveys and for screening for malnutrition.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

Dietary intakes of preschool children in LA Pa, El Salvador, Central America.

A dietary survey was conducted in a department of El Salvador as part of an assessment of the nutritional status of preschool children. Intake of calories, protein and retinol equivalents were estimated using a 24-hour recall technique. The average daily energy intake for children 1-4 years old was 866 Kcal representing 60% of the 1973 level recommended by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), for this age group, and 76% of the recommended level on a body-weight basis. Average protein intake per child per day in the same age group was 31.3 g, which represents 110% of the recommended level for the age group, and 136% of the recommended level on a body weight basis. The estimated retinol equivalent intake was 36% of the recommended allowance. In general, the results of the present study were similar to those obtained in the study carried out in El Salvador by INCAP during the period September-November, 1965.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1979

Clinical and biochemical characteristics associated with anthropometric nutritional categories.

Clinical nutrition status as well as selected biochemical characteristics, levels of parasitic infection and aspects of family and health history were assessed in rural EI Salvadoran children categorized as severely malnourished by anthropometric measurements. The anthropometric categories used were based on weight-for-age, weight-for-height, height-for-age, and simple mid-upper-arm circumference. Results indicated that 16 of 17 children with less than 80% of expected weight-for-height ("wasted") and all 17 children with arm circumference below 12.5 cm had clinically evident malnutrition. Children with less than 82.5% of expected height-for-age ("stunted") were more frequently anemic than controls and had a higher intestinal parasite burden, but only 3 of 23 were malnourished clinically. Sixteen of 22 children with severe weight-for-age deficit (Gomez grade III) were judged clinically malnourished, but the remaining six were underweight primarily because of short stature and did not appear malnourished clinically. The results illustrated the inability of weight-for-age classification to distinguish between acute and chronic malnutrition. The interrelationships between weight-for-height, height-for-age, and weight-for-age classification are illustrated graphically as a guide to the interpretation of these results.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

Seasonal changes in malnutrition and diarrheal disease among preschool children in El Salvador.

The nutritional status of preschool children in a rural El Salvadoran population was assessed quarterly for 1 year using height, weight and arm circumference measurements in order to define seasonal changes in malnutrition. Seasonal patterns in the incidence of reported malnutrition and diarrheal disease from the local clinic serving the study population and on the national level for EL Salvador were also assessed and were compared with field measurements. Results indicated a similar seasonal increase in both measured malnutrition and in the reported incidence of malnutrition and diarrheal disease occurring at the onset of the rainy season. The results confirm the existence and indicate the magnitude of seasonal changes in malnutrition and diarrheal disease in a preschool population.

Body Height↗
PubMed1975

Findings relating to goiter and iodine in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey.

Examinations for thyroid size were carried out on 35,999 individuals in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey. Overall goiter prevalence was found to be 3.1 per cent with the higher prevalence of goiter among adolescents and adults. Females of all ages had a higher prevalence of goiter than did males. No consistent regional pattern of the occurrence of goiter was observed. Urinary iodine excretion values used to estimate iodine intake indicated very few persons with excretion values suggesting iodine deficiency. No association between goiter and low iodine excretion was observed. On the contrary, a higher prevalence of goiter was found among persons excreting high levels of iodine. There is no indication from this study of widespread, iodine-deficiency goiter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Iodine and goiter in children.

Goiter examination was performed on 7,785 children aged 9 to 16 years in four areas of the United States--Michigan, Kentucky, Texas, and Georgia. Urinary iodine and creatinine, thyroxine, protein-bound iodine, and plasma inorganic iodide determinations were made on 377 matched pairs of goitrous and nongoitrous control children. The overall prevalence of goiter was 6.8%. Most children with goiter had palpably but not visibly enlarged thyroids and showed no evidence of clinical or biochemical thyroid abnormalitymmean urinary iodine excretion was 452 mug/gm of creatinine, many times the 50 mug/gm of creatinine level used to define deficiency. Children with goiter and areas with high goiter prevalence tended to have higher rather than lower iodine excretion. These findings are consistent with other data indicating high iodine intakes in the United States and suggest that goiter in American children cannot be assumed to be related to iodine deficiencymthe possible role of high iodine intake in the causation of goiter is discussed.

Adolescent↗