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Biomedical subjects

F L Glauser

Publications and source records attributed to F L Glauser.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Effects of acid aspiration on pulmonary alveolar epithelial membrane permeability.

Employing a modification of the in vivo model of a liquid-filled canine lung, we measured the movement of substances of specific sizes (albumin, 69,000 daltons with a molecular radius of 35 A; and dextran with a molecular weight of 150,000 to 170,000 and an approximate molecular radius of 100 A) from the pulmonary capillary blood to the liquid-filled lung. A solution with a specific pH (1.5 to 4.5) was instilled into the left lung of the animals at a dosage of 3 to 5 ml/kg of body weight. For both albumin and dextran with a molecular weight of 150,000 to 170,000, the time for 50 percent equilibration between the specific substance in the blood and the same substance in the pulmonary liquid decreased significantly with instillation of pulmonary liquid with a pH of 1.5 and 2.5 but did not with a pH of 3.5 or above (P less than 0.05). In addition, since histamine has been implicated as a possible humoral mediator leading to increased permeability of alveolar membranes, the levels of histamine were measured in pulmonary liquids and blood in all groups. Levels of histamine in the pulmonary liquid (but not blood) were significantly higher in animals with instillation of liquids with a pH of 1.5 and 2.5 compared to all other groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Bloody pericardial fluid. The value of blood gas measurements.

Clinically notable pericardial effusions developed in three patients with renal failure. Pericardiocentesis showed hemorrhagic fluid, the source of which was not apparent. Simultaneous determinations of PCO2, PO2, and pH values showed a substantial increase in PCO2 levels and decrease in PO2, pH, and bicarbonate levels in the pericardial compared with the intracardial aspirates. This was true when pericardial fluid PCO2, PO2, and pH values were compared with mixed venous samples. Determination of PO2, PCO2, pH, and bicarbonate values in pericardial aspirates may determine the source of the fluid.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1978

The effects of endogenous and exogenous histamine on pulmonary alveolar membrane permeability.

The effects of exogenously administered histamine phosphate (0.1 microgram per kg of body weight per min, or 90 microgram per hour) and endogenous histamine released by intravenous injection of 0.5 mg of Compound 48/80 on alveolar membrane permeability to substances of differing molecular weight (60 to 20,000 daltons) were studied using the in vivo saline-filled dog lung model. The half-time, i.e., the time required for 50 per cent equilibration between tracer substances in the blood compared to the saline-filled lung, was measured at baseline for urea, sucrose, and dextrans of varying molecular weight. The half-time decreased significantly for substances as large as 10,000 daltons after histamine infusion, and 20,000 daltons after injection of Compound 48/80. We conclude that histamine can increase alveolar epithelial permeability for substances of low molecular weight.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The role of leukocytes in ethchlorvynol-induced pulmonary edema.

Intravenous administration of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) is known to produce noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in animals and humans. Since intrapulmonary sequestration of leukocytes has been observed to occur following injection of ethchlorvynol, we evaluated the role of these elements of the blood in producing pulmonary edema. In vivo studies in dogs showed intrapulmonary trapping of leukocytes, as evidenced by increasing leukocyte differences between blood from the pulmonary artery and arterial blood. In both animals with normal leukocyte counts and those depleted of leukocytes (less than 500 cells per millimeter), pulmonary edema occurred, as evidenced by increased pulmonary water after injection of ethchlorvynol. Preparations of isolated lung perfused with either whole blood or leukocyte-poor plasma had similar gains in weight following injection of ethchlorvynol, in spite of marked differences in leukocyte counts. We conclude that intrapulmonary sequestered leukocytes do not play a role in ethchlorvynol-induced pulmonary edema.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in the pulmonary tissue of patients with "heroin lung".

Pulmonary tissues from six patients who died with a clinical diagnosis of "heroin lung" (heroin-induced pulmonary edema) were examined with the light microscope and electron microscope. Immunofluorescent microscopic analysis revealed multifocal granular alveolar septal deposits of IgM in all patients, C3 complement in five patients, IgG in four patients, fibrinogen in three patients, and IgA in two patients. IgM, IgG, IgA, and C3 complement were eluted from the lungs of these addicts with citrate buffer with a low pH. No deposition of albumin was found in any of the specimens. These findings are believed to represent the first report of immune complexes in the alveolar capillary membrane in patients with heroin-induced pulmonary edema. Electron-microscopic studies revealed a proteinaceous plasma-like fluid in the alveolar spaces, thereby confirming the heroin induced pulmonary edema. Mechanisms of transport of edematous fluids from alveolar capillaries to alveolar spaces in lungs from heroin addicts are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Pulmonary ultrastructure of the late aspects of human paraquat poisoning.

The pulmonary ultrastructure of the late aspects of a case of human paraquat poisoning is investigated and compared with normal human pulmonary ultrastructure. Alveoli in the paraquat patient are numerically reduced in comparison to the control. They are filled with edematous proteinaceous plasma-like fluid containing erythrocytes, macrophages, leukocytes, fibroblast-like cells, platelets, and fibrin. These alveoli are lined by granular pneumocytes. Interstitial areas in the paraquat patient are greatly expanded and there are no alveolar septums. Interstitial areas contain proteinaceous plasma-like material, collagen, fibrin, platelets, mature fibroblasts, plasma cells, many leukocytes, numerous erythrocytes, and capillaries. Capillary permeability seems to be enhanced in the paraquat patient either by vesicles forming transendothelial channels or pores or by disruption of endothelial cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The pulmonary alveolar capillary membrane during hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs.

Hemorrhagic hypotension is associated with increased lung water accumulation, secondary to loss of integrity of the alveolar capillary membrane. Whether this increased permeability of the alveolar capillary membrane occurs during hypotension or after resuscitation with intravenously administered fluids remains controversial. In an attempt to answer this question, we measured the movement of various molecular weight substances from pulmonary capillaries to the fluid filled alveolus using an in vivo saline solution filled dog lung model. During hemorrhage, T1/2--time to 50 per cent equilibration between blood and alveolar liquid--decreased for urea and dextrans of 3,000 and 10,400 molecular weight. There was no change compared with the base line figures for dextran 20,000 molecular weight and albumin, 69,000 molecular weight. In addition, during hemorrhage, lung liquid--but not blood--histamine levels increased significantly. We conclude that hemorrhagic hypotension leads to increased permeability of the alveolar capillary membrane to molecular weight substances less than 20,000 molecular weight. This increased permeability may be mediated by histamine.

Albumins↗
PubMed1977

Acute febrile illness associated with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates after irradiation in a patient with Hodgkin's disease.

An 18-year-old woman with stage IIIB Hodgkin's disease presented with minimal shortness of breath and progressed to fatal pulmonary insufficiency in five days. Biopsy and necropsy lung tissue specimens established the diagnosis of acute radiation pneumonitis. The diagnosis of radiation pneumonitis should be considered in the presence of a nonproductive cough, dyspnea, mixed interstitial and alveolar infiltrates on chest roentgenogram, negative cultures, and the characteristic findings on lung biopsy of macrophage accumulation and alveolar fibrin deposition in the face of minimal cellular infiltrate. A trial of steroid treatment may be warranted.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Pulmonary tissue concentrations of ethchlorvynol after intravenous injection.

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has been reported to follow the intravenous use of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) in both human clinical and animal experimental situations. In a further attempt to define ethchlorvynol-pulmonary tissue inter-relations, we measured ethchlorvynol concentrations in venous and arterial blood and lung and liver tissue of dogs after intravenous injection of 15 to 25 mg of the drug per kg of body weight. In 10 dogs, the mean +/- SEM lung concentrations 1, 3, and 5 min after injection were 70 +/- 20, 50 +/- 13, and 24 +/- 9 mug per g of tissue, respectively. Simultaneous mean +/- SEM venous contrations were 75 +/- 40, 29+/-5, and 22 +/- 5 mug per ml of blood, respectively. During minutes 1 and 3, the liver concentrations were lower than those found in the lung. In an additional 3 dogs, injection of ethchlorvynol into the portal vein led to higher concentrations (at all sample times) in the liver when compared to the lung. In vitro lung slice studies using ethchlorvynol labeled with iodine-131 revealed no active energy-dependent uptake. Intravenously administered ethchlorvynol rapidly fluxes into and out of lung tissue, apparently following the laws of diffusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The effects of ethchlorvynol on pulmonary alveolar membrane permeability.

Intravenous injection of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) causes noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in humans and laboratory animals. We studied the effects of intravenous ethchlorvynol (15 to 25 mg per kg of body weight) on pulmonary alveolar membrane permeability to various endogenous and exogenous solutes in the in vivo saline-filled dog lung model. Baseline and postethchlorvynol times in minutes for 50 per cent equilibration between the blood and saline-filled alveoli were, respectively, for urea, 37.3 +/- 12.4 and 12 +/- 6.3; for albumin 8,160 +/- 4,400 and 267 +/- 93; for dextrans of molecular weight 10,400 daltons, 1,150 +/- 80 and 185 +/- 160; for dextrans of molecular weight 250,000 daltons, 24,000 +/- 800 and 1,120 +/- 900; for dextrans of molecular weight 500,000 daltons, 24,500 +/- 150 and 1,020 +/- 590. All of these pairs of values were significantly different (P less than 0.01). In addition, lung liquid histamine (but not blood histamine) concentrations increased significantly (P less than 0.001) after ethchlorvynol injection. Intravenous ethchlorvynol causes marked increases in alveolar membrane permeability.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effects of carbohydrates on carbon dioxide excretion in patients with airway disease.

Thirteen patients with stable airway disease were fed a diet high in carbohydrates, and 35 minutes later metabolic and ventilatory effects were observed. The six patients who did not retain carbon dioxide increased their mean respiratory quotient from 0.86 +/- 0.07 to 1.03 +/- 0.04, their mean minute ventilation from 10.3 +/- 3.0 to 12.8 +/- 4.0 L/min, mean carbon dioxide production from 0.23 +/- 0.04 to 0.29 +/- 0.02 L/min, and mean oxygen consumption from 0.27 +/- 0.07 to 0.29 +/- 0.03 L/min (all P less than 0.05). The arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) did not change significantly from baseline values. The seven patients who retained carbon dioxide responded similarly, except that their mean arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) increased significantly from 50.9 +/- 4.4 to 57.7 +/- 5.5 torr (P less than 0.05). In addition, the mean PaCO2 increased from 54.5 +/- 6.4 to 54.9 +/- 6.4 torr (not significant). We conclude that the increased endogenous carbon dioxide load resulting from a meal high in carbohydrates is well tolerated by most patients with chronic airway disease.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1977

Suspected superior vena cava syndrome: the role of the Swan-Ganz catheter.

The use of the Swan-Ganz flow-directed catheter in establishing the diagnosis of the superior vena cava syndrome in two patients (one with Hodgkin's disease and the other with carcinoma of the lung) is described. A pressure tracing showing elevated pressure above the obstruction without respiratory or cardiac fluctuations is characteristic of obstruction of the superior vena cava.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1977

Endotoxin-induced increased alveolar capillary membrane permeability.

In an attempt to define the effects of endotoxin on the permeability of the pulmonary alveolar capillary membrane (ACM) to a variety of substances [molecular weight (MW) varying from 60 to 69,000], we studied the movement of specific molecular species from the pulmonary capillary blood to the saline-filled "alveolus," employing an in vivo dog lung model. Following endotoxin injection (2-2.5 mg/kg) baseline T1/2 values (time, in minutes, for 50% equilibration of the specific solute between the blood and the saline-filled lung) decreased as follows (compared to baseline values): urea (MW 60) - 42.5 +/- 24 to 21.3 +/- 18; sucrose (MW 360) - 201 +/- 72 to 76 +/- 53; 3,000 MW dextran - 1,275 +/- 746 to 686 +/- 433; 10,400 MW dextran - 1,871 +/- 845 to 1,052 +/- 630 (all p less than 0.05). Neither 20,000 MW dextran nor albumin (MW 69,000) showed an increased permeability following endotoxin injection. Histamine analysis revealed a significant increase in all lung liquid samples post-endotoxin injection without a significant increase in blood histamine values. We conclude that, acutely (within 4 hr of injection), endotoxin causes an increase in permeability of the ACM for substances up to 10,400 MW. The role of histamine in this increased permeability remains controversial.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The effect of endotoxin on the mast cell c'AMP system.

To determine whether the endotoxin induced release of histamine is mediated via the mast cell c'AMP system, hamster mast cells were isolated and incubated (prior to endotoxin-serum stimulates (ET-S) with disodium cromoglycate, isoproterenol and aminophylline. All drugs caused significant inhibition of the ET-S histamine release. The authors conclude that ET-S utilizes the c'AMP system to release histamine.

Aminophylline↗
PubMed1977

The effect of ethchlorvynol on pulmonary ultrastructure in dogs.

The ultrastructure of alveolar septae in dogs is investigated at times ranging from 30 seconds to 60 minutes after intravenous injection of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl). Pulmonary edematous fluid first appears in alveolar spaces 5 minutes after injection and becomes progressively more prominent with increasing time. Alveolar septae are initially somewhat fibrotic, and subsequently, most interstitial spaces become swollen and hydrated. Vesicles in endothelial cells increase with postinjectional time, and they seem to form channels or pores interconnecting capillaries and interstitial spaces. Similar vesicles in epithelial cells (Type 1) show an increase after 30 minutes, and they also seem to form channels or pores interconnecting interstitial spaces and the alveolus. Vesicles, whether in endothelial or epithelial cells, contain a flocculent filamentous material similar to plasma protein and the filamentous proteinaceous material in edematous fluid in alveolar spaces. Ethchlorvynol injection rapidly induces a non-hemodynamic form of pulmonary edema. Since cell junctions of both endothelial and epithelial cells remained intact, it is proposed that transalveolar transport of edematous proteinaceous fluid is mediated by means of endothelial and epithelial vesicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Diabetes insipidus in hypoxemic encephalopathy.

Diabetes insipidus developed in two patients who experienced severe hypoxemia as a consequence of drug-induced respiratory failure. Post-mortem examination revealed generalized cerebral edema, encephalomalacia, and a profound and diffuse loss of neurons. Hypoxemia-induced diabetes insipidus may indicate that the patient is suffering from severe brain damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Coagulation factors and fibrinogen in pleural effusions.

31 pleural effusions from 27 patients with varied diseases were studied for specific coagulation factors and fibrinogen. In all fluids, exudates had a higher content of factors and fibrinogen than transudates. When pleural fluid to plasma total protein ratios were compared to specific coagulation factors a positive correlation existed for all. This was not true for fibrinogen. There was a poor correlation between the molecular weights of the specific factors and fibrinogen and their appearance in the pleural fluid. The concentration of factor XII in 35% and factor XI in 11% of pleural fluid exceeded their respective plasma concentration.

Adult↗