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Biomedical subjects

F Jalil

Publications and source records attributed to F Jalil.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The principles and strategic steps of a simple nutrition message.

High prevalences of protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, vitamin A and iodine deficiencies have persisted since their identification by the National Nutrition Survey of Pakistan, 1966. While diarrhoea can be managed with oral rehydration therapy and iodine deficiency prevented with iodinization of salts, no simple tool for management of malnutrition is available. Strategies vary. In Pakistan, where the literacy rate is low but food grains are sufficient, precise and correct messages about nutrition education can potentially reduce the problem.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Breast feeding and protection against neonatal sepsis in a high risk population.

Protection against neonatal sepsis by breast feeding was investigated in a developing community. A case-control study was carried out with 42 cases from a hospital and 270 controls, matched for age and socioeconomic conditions from the community. Exclusive breast feeding was extremely rare, most babies being partially breast fed and a few being given formula feed or animal milk. A highly significant odds ratio of 18 was obtained, showing that even partial breast feeding protects against neonatal sepsis in such a population.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1990

Antibody-mediated immunity in the neonate.

Our knowledge about the protective value of the passive immunity provided by maternal IgG via placenta and SIgA via the milk is still incomplete. Although more detailed information is required it is clear that both forms of passive protection are important for the neonate. The immune response of neonates in secretions appears earlier and is more efficient than previously realized, providing SIgA as well as IgM in e. g. saliva. The presence of anti-antibodies (anti-idiotypes) in the transplacental IgG and milk SIgA may in fact actively prime the immune system of the fetus and the breast-fed infant. This could be one explanation why breast-fed infants seem to respond better to ordinary parenteral and peroral vaccines, in secretions as well as in serum than those fed a high or low protein formula.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Intestinal permeability assessed with polyethylene glycols in children with diarrhea due to rotavirus and common bacterial pathogens in a developing community.

Intestinal permeability was assessed with different-sized polyethylene glycols (PEG 400 and PEG 1,000) in small children with acute diarrhea. All children with acute diarrhea absorbed and excreted less PEG of all molecular sizes into the urine when compared with healthy control children (p less than 0.001). Children with acute rotavirus infection excreted significantly less PEG of all sizes than children with Shigella, Salmonella, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection (p less than 0.001-0.01), suggesting a more severe mucosal lesion caused by rotavirus. In patients with severe malnutrition there was also a significant decrease in absorption of PEGs observed. In addition, malnourished patients with rotavirus diarrhea showed a pronounced decrease of PEGs in comparison with well-nourished patients. The ratio between the recovery of a large PEG molecule, 1,074 Da, and a small molecule, 370 Da, was utilized to assess the absorption of large molecules in relation to that of smaller ones. On applying this ratio, it was noted that the intestine in children with Shigella and EPEC infection was relatively more permeable to larger molecules than in healthy controls, while in rotavirus and Salmonella infection it was less permeable to larger molecules. In this study significant differences in the permeability characteristics were observed, suggesting etiology-specific effects on the mucosal barrier.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

Growth disturbance in an urban area of Lahore, Pakistan related to feeding patterns, infections and age, sex, socio-economic factors and seasons.

Infantile growth in 910 longitudinally-followed infants in a poor urban population of Lahore, Pakistan was followed from birth to two years of age and correlated to various socio-economic variables, infections, and feeding-practices. Attained body size was correlated with the number of episodes of diarrhoea and with family educational level and also, to some extent, with housing standards. The influence of environmental factors on growth was greatest during the hot and warm seasons, for children at an age of 6-9 months and in this culture especially for girls. Children living under the same conditions showed great individual variations in resistance to environmental factors as measured by growth parameters.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

The influence on the secretory IgA antibody levels in lactating women of oral typhoid and parenteral cholera vaccines given alone or in combination.

41 lactating Pakistani women were vaccinated orally with Salmonella typhi vaccine alone or in combination with parenteral Vibrio cholerae whole cell vaccine, in order to study the possible difference in the secretory response after live and inactivated vaccines. The antibody response in saliva, milk and serum was recorded using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA. All had prevaccination antibody levels against the 2 vaccines. The live S. typhi vaccine gave a serum IgG and IgA response but did not influence the IgM levels. Salivary or milk secretory IgA (SIgA) antibody levels showed both increases and decreases but in most cases remained unchanged. Even if the vaccine was given in enteric coated capsules, the milk and salivary SIgA response was more often decreased than increased, although somewhat higher serum IgG levels were attained with this preparation. Parenteral cholera vaccination enhanced both serum and SIgA milk antibody response. Combination of the 2 vaccines did not have any untoward effect on the antibody response in serum or in secretions against V. cholerae or S. typhi LPS. The results show that an oral vaccine often induces a rather poor, or even negative mucosal antibody response, while a parenteral vaccine provokes a substantial SIgA response in individuals orally primed by natural exposure. This is in agreement with our previous findings with oral and parenteral poliovirus vaccines in this population.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Polymeric and monomeric IgA response in serum and milk after parenteral cholera and oral typhoid vaccination.

The effect of vaccinating lactating Pakistani mothers with a combination of live oral typhoid vaccine and parenteral inactivated cholera vaccine on specific milk and serum IgA antibodies in both monomeric (m) and polymeric (p) forms was analysed. IgA antibody titres peaked for both antigenic specificities 2 weeks after the first dose of vaccine. 82 +/- 7% of anti-Vibrio cholerae and 72 +/- 17% of anti-Salmonella typhi IgA were in the polymeric form. These serum pIgA antibodies were mainly dimeric IgA, not complexed with the secretory component. They disappeared more rapidly from serum than mIgA antibodies. Anti-V. cholerae IgA responses were parallel in serum and milk samples, whereas anti-S. typhi responses were dissociated. In milk, IgA antibodies were secretory IgA for both antigenic specificities, being probably of local origin in the mammary gland. Our results indicate that both oral and parenteral vaccinations can induce pIgA antibodies in serum and secretions, confirming that the presence of pIgA in serum does not necessarily reflect an immune stimulation only at the mucosal level.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Avidity of IgA antibody to Escherichia coli polysaccharide and diphtheria toxin in breast milk from Swedish and Pakistani mothers.

The avidity of breast milk IgA antibody was studied with the aid of thiocyanate elution of antibody from solid-phase bound E.coli polysaccharides and diphtheria toxoid. The relative avidity index for each sample was determined by the molarity of thiocyanate required to elute 50% of the bound IgA antibody under conditions of antigen excess. Milk samples collected from Pakistani mothers during early lactation (2-4 weeks after delivery; n = 12) had a significantly lower median relative avidity index of IgA antibody to E.coli antigens than did early lactation samples from Swedish mothers (n = 11; avidity indices 1.78 M and 2.65 M; P less than 0.02). Samples collected from Pakistani mothers in mid-lactation showed a significant rise in the relative avidity index to a median of 2.50 M (P less than 0.01), with a subsequent fall in late lactation (28-36 weeks after delivery) to 1.75 M (P less than 0.01). Milk samples from Pakistani mothers in mid-lactation (n = 12) also had a lower median relative avidity index of IgA antibody to diphtheria toxoid than did samples from Swedish mothers (n = 14; avidity indices 2.35 M and 4.30 M; P less than 0.002). The lower avidity of breast milk IgA in Pakistani mothers in comparison with Swedish mothers may arise from differences in antigen exposure or nutritional status or could possibly be genetically determined.

Antibody Affinity↗
PubMed1988

Longitudinal analysis of infantile growth in an urban area of Lahore, Pakistan.

Supine length has been registered longitudinally in 302 infants surviving to at least two years of age in an urban area of Lahore, Pakistan. According to the "ICP-growth model", normal linear growth can be represented during this age period by a combination of a sharply decelerating Infancy component with the addition of a slowly decelerating Childhood component, the latter acting from the second half of the first postnatal year. Between birth and 24 months of age the Pakistani children grew about 7.5 cm less than expected according to the Swedish standard. The difference in the gain was mainly related to the late onset of the Childhood component found in 56% of the infants. The onset of the Childhood component in the Pakistani children occurred on an average some 5 months later than in the Swedish controls, which explains the age-dependent reduction in the gain at about 1 year of age. Children with late onset showed no "catch-up growth" during the observation period after the onset. This might very well indicate the functional implications of stunted height in populations of developing countries.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Secretory and serum immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies to poliovirus after vaccination.

Immune responses in serum and saliva were studied in Pakistani children by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after natural exposure to poliovirus and vaccination with live or inactivated poliovirus vaccines. Swedish children unexposed to wild poliovirus who had almost 100% vaccination coverage with inactivated vaccine at 8, 9, and 18 months and at 5 years of age were analyzed for comparison. Natural exposure induced secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies to poliovirus in the saliva of Pakistani infants at one month of age that reached adult levels at six months. No difference in levels of salivary antibody at eight months was observed between groups vaccinated with either live or inactivated vaccines. Vaccination with live or inactivated vaccine starting at 2 or 3 months of age resulted in high titers of IgG antibody to poliovirus in serum, the highest of which occurred after four doses of live vaccine. In Sweden, an increase of antibody in serum was observed after the third vaccination. IgA antibodies continued to increase subsequently, whereas IgG antibodies reached a plateau. The SIgA response in saliva initially appeared on the third vaccination, with a significant increase after the fourth. Repeated vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine induces specific SIgA antibodies. Adults all had SIgA antibodies to poliovirus in saliva.

Adult↗