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F Hernández

Publications and source records attributed to F Hernández.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Application of solid-phase microextraction for the determination of pyrethroid residues in vegetable samples by GC-MS.

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method has been developed for the determination of 7 pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and tau-fluvalinate) in water, vegetable (tomato), and fruit (strawberry) samples, based on direct immersion mode and subsequent desorption into the injection port of a GC/MS. The SPME procedure showed linear behavior in the range tested (0.5-50 microg L(-1) in water and 0.01-0.1 mg kg(-1) in tomato) with r(2) values ranging between 0.97 and 0.99. For water samples limits of detection ranged between 0.1 and 2 microg L(-1 )with relative standard deviations lower than 20%. Detection limits for tomato samples were between 0.003 and 0.025 mg kg(-1) with relative standard deviations around 25%. Finally, the SPME procedure has been applied to vegetable (tomato) and fruit (strawberry) samples obtained from an experimental plot treated with lambda-cyhalothrin, and in both cases the analyte was detected and quantified using a calibration curve prepared using blank matrix. SPME has been shown to be a simple extraction technique which has a number of advantages such as solvent-free extraction, simplicity, and compatibility with chromatographic analytical systems. Difficulties with the correct quantification in a complex matrix are also discussed.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed2003

Rapid multiresidue determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds in human serum by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid analytical method for the multiresidue determination of several organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum samples has been developed. Analytes were isolated by solid-phase extraction using C18 cartridges with subsequent analysis by GC-MS/MS using a glass liner packed with CarboFrit in the GC injection port. Labelled surrogate internal standards (fenitrothion D6, HCB (13)C6, p, p'-DDE D8 and PCB 138 (13)C12) were added to the samples before the extraction and were used for quantitation and for quality control in the analysis of real-world samples. Accuracy and precision were evaluated by using serum samples fortified at two concentration levels for the three families of compounds, with satisfactory results in the majority of cases. The high selectivity and sensitivity of GC-MS/MS allowed low detection limits of 0.05-0.5 ng mL(-1) for most of the analytes investigated. The developed procedure improves other current methodologies for the analysis of pesticides and PCBs in biological fluids, especially as regards to analysis time and simplicity of sample treatment. The method was applied to several serum samples obtained from farmers devoted to citrus crop production. Chlorpyrifos, HCB, p, p'-DDE and the higher chlorinated PCBs (153, 138 and 180) were the most frequently detected compounds.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2003

Determination of abamectin and azadirachtin residues in orange samples by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

A rapid and sensitive LC-ESI-MS-MS method has been developed for the determination of azadirachtin and abamectin residues in orange samples. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile, in a high-speed blender. After the addition of sodium acetate, an aliquot of extract was directly injected into the LC-ESI-MS-MS system. The highest sensitivity of the method was achieved under MS-MS conditions using [M+Na]+ adducts as precursor ions. Recoveries for both compoundsfrom spiked orange samples at 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg were above 80%, with good repeatability (<10%). Method detection limits achieved (<0.007 mg/kg) were adequate for the determination of these pesticides in this kind of sample from the regulatory point of view. The importance of the solvent used for extraction, as well as the addition of sodium acetate to the extracts and the selection of adequate chromatographic conditions are discussed.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Aggressive conservative treatment of esophageal perforations in children.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: In contrast with adult patients in whom surgical closure of the defect is preferred, nonoperative treatment has been the usual approach for esophageal perforation (EP) in children. This report aims to assess whether this strategy stands the passage of time. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the charts of 17 patients aged 5.3 +/- 0.9 years (mean +/- SD) treated at our institution for EP between 1991 and 2001. RESULTS: Nineteen episodes of EP were caused by stricture dilation in 9 cases, foreign body extraction in 3, and blunt trauma and sclerosis of varices in 2 cases each. The remaining child had multiple gastrointestinal perforations in the course of chemotherapy for leukemia. Vigorous treatment, consisting of nasopharyngeal aspiration, wide spectrum antibiotics, prompt drainage of effusions and either parenteral or infraesophageal nutritition, was implemented immediately after diagnosis. Perforations were closed without direct surgery in 18 of 19 episodes (16 of 17 children). One or more pleural drains were inserted in 12 cases, and pericardial drainage was required once. Seven gastrostomies, 2 jejunostomies, and one esophagostomy were performed. Several major abdominal operations were necessary to repair concomitant lesions in a child who sustained severe blunt abdominal trauma and in the patient with leukemic perforations. All patients survived, and all recovered esophageal function. However, 2 with intractable lye strictures ultimately required esophageal replacement. The only patient in whom a direct approach for esophageal necrosis due to variceal endosclerosis was unavoidable, lost her organ and had a retrosternal colonic interposition after a successful portosystemic shunt. Excluding patients with other concomitant lesions and the patient who underwent surgery, median length of stay was 11 days (range, 6 to 47). CONCLUSIONS: Prompt and aggressive nonoperative treatment of esophageal perforations in children allows survival with conservation of the organ in most cases and remains, in the authors' hands, the first therapeutic choice at this age.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2003

Progression of HIV infection and mortality by hepatitis C infection in patients with haemophilia over 20 years.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of mortality in human immune deficiency virus (HIV)-positive haemophiliacs. This study describes progression to AIDS, death from HCV end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and all-cause mortality over 20 years. All HIV-positive haemophiliacs in La Paz University Hospital were included in this cohort. HIV seroconversion was estimated using mathematical techniques for interval-censored data from 1979 to 1985. Poisson regression was used to estimate rates of AIDS, death from ESLD and all causes in different periods: before 1988, 1988-89, 1990-91, 1992-93, 1994-95, 1996-97 and 1998-2001 using competing risk models. Among 383 cohort members, global AIDS incidence was 9.7 per 100 person-years, peaking in 1992-93 and dropping by 87% in 1998-2001 compared with before 1988 [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.13; 95% CI: 0.03-0.53]. Overall mortality was 7.5 per 100 person-years, was highest from 1992 to 1997, and fell by 66% in 1998-2001 compared with before 1988 (IRR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.14-0.81). Eighteen (5%) persons died of ESLD which represented 19% of deaths before 1988, 4% during 1988-89, 1990-91 and 1992-93, 2% in 1994-95, 10% in 1996-97 and 33% in 1998-2001. Overall death rate from ESLD was 0.5 cases per 100 person-years with no statistically significant trend observed over time. Important reductions in HIV disease progression to AIDS and death have been observed from 1998 to 2001, and can be attributed to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Although no increase in the rate of HCV-related deaths can be demonstrated, HCV accounts for an increasing proportion of deaths in the recent years.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

[Extensive aganglionosis. Treatment and long term results].

INTRODUCTION: Extensive aganglionosis (EA) that affects the total colon (including or not part of the small intestine), shows more diagnostic problems and it is associated to higher morbidity and mortality rates than the classic cases of Hirschsprung disease (ED). This study takes into account last years cases and their results in the medium and long term. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1983 and 2000, 232 patients suffering ED have been treated. 15 out of those 232 patients showed EA. We took into consideration the diagnosis, surgical procedures, enterocolitis before and after the treatment, the surgical technique and the complications. We analyze the nutritional state and the long term result according to clinical bowel function scoring system continency Scale, considering the surgical possibilities depending on each case. RESULTS: Two patients died due to septics complications, one of them during the neonatal period and the other one at the age of 3. Two other cases became possible candidates to an intestinal transplantation due to the extension of their disease. Five out of the 11 left patients had more than 30 cm of small intestine involved, and another five had involved less than 30 cm from ileocecal valve. The last case showed a total colonic aganglionosis with associated intestinal neuronal displasia. One case was associated with S. Ondine and another one with a 21 triosomia. Two of the patients were brothers and another patient has got a brother suffering from rectosigmoid HD. The surgical techniques used with 13 were: 8 cases using Lester Martin modification (one of them needed redo procedure because of anastomosis leak and perineal fistula), 4 Swenson procedure and one patient was treated by Ziegler's miectomy with prolongated miotomy. Nine of the patients mentioned before, lead a quite life (five L, Martin, 4 Swenson); 2 patients suffering frequent fecal retention crisis. 5 out of the 11 reviewed cases, show a weight and height p > or = 50, 2 below p50, 2 below p25, and 2 under p3. CONCLUSION: EA represents a small percentage of Hirschsprung disease. Although Martin modification is the most widely employed technique in cases of distal ileal involvement, Swenson procedure has provided good results in the long term follow-up with few complications. Intestinal transplantation may be the only choice for long term survival in patients with near total intestinal aganglionosis. Continence improves in the follow-up but few times is normal. Nutritional state should be-controlled by a specialized team.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

[Giant congenital nevus: past, present and future].

INTRODUCTION: The suitable cutaneous covering for big defects secondary to the removal of giant pigmented lesions has not been obtained yet. Nevus that affect a corporal surface bigger than 75%, have no curative treatment and in the cases of smaller nevus therapeutical possibilities are complex, take too much time and provide unfavourable aesthetic results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nineteen patients suffering giant congenital nevus (GCN) have been treated in the last eight years. The GCN affected back (8), scalp (3), face and neck (3), extremities (2), thorax and abdomen (2) and buttocks (1). RESULTS: There has been no melanoma case and all the cases showed a congenital melanocitic nevus as histological result, with plexiforme underlying plexiform neurofibroma in two of them. The treatment was: removal using expansors (6), removal and skin graft (5), multiple sequential removals (7), and removals using a covering of cultured keratinocites (1). CONCLUSION: To sum up, it is essential to choose the technique depending on the individual, taking into account the location, measurement, age and social conditions. In addition to that, the treatment shouldd be the earliest, the most effective, the fastest and the most secure. Moreover, it is very important to know every surgical technique well.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Early esophageal replacement in patients with esophageal atresia].

INTRODUCTION: When primary anastomosis is not feasible in esophageal atresia esophageal replacement is one of the possible options. We report our experience with this approach in patients with long-gap esophageal atresia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1991 to 2002 we treated 50 children with esophageal atresia. Nine required esophageal replacement because of long-gaps. Six were boys and three girls. Six had isolated atresia, and three had regular atresia with TEF. Associated malformations in 8 patients were: cardiovascular (2), anorectal (2), urogenital (5), intestinal duplication (1), and costovertebral (1). The weight at birth ranged from 1.2 to 3.95 kg (median 2.3). Patients with type I atresia had immediate gastrostomy accompanied by esophagostomy in one. Esophageal anastomosis was impossible or failed in 3 patients with type III EA, who had fistula ligation and esophagostomy. Esophageal replacement was performed at a median age of 4.95 months (range 2.3 to 18), with a median weight of 5.33 (range 2.89 to 11.5 kg.). We used gastric pull-up in 2 cases and colonic transposition in 7 with isoperistaltic left transverse colon in retromediastinal-transhiatal (6) or restrosternal (1) position. Two patients had extramucosal piloromyotomy and 4 had piloroplasty. RESULTS: All patients survive and have functional grafts. Postoperative complications were: pneumonia (1), wound dehiscence with evisceration (2) and salivary fístula (2) which closed spontaneously. In the long range, one patient was operated three times for hernia through the enlarged hiatus, one had one episode of intestinal subobstruction successfully managed with nasogastric aspiration and another one had dumping syndrome for several months. After a median follow-up of 3.15 years (range 1.6 to 6.9) all patients eat normal diets per os. CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal replacement for the treatment of infants with long-gap EA has been in our hands as good as any other option with 100% survival and good functional results. The operation can be safely performed in the first months provided that associated malformations are under control. However, like other options, this approach is not devoid of complications.

Esophageal Atresia↗
PubMed2003

[Severe complications in the treatment of vascular anomalies].

BACKGROUND: Success in the treatment of vascular anomalies during infancy depends on an accurate early diagnosis and a correct therapeutic management. Current available resources can be divided into pharmacologic, endovascular, surgical, and laser. Results are variable, and complications should always be kept in mind. METHODS: We reviewed all patients with vascular anomalies who suffered from major complications directly due to the treatment during the past five years. RESULTS: 1. A patient with an upper lip hemangioma following treatment with interferon after no response to steroids. A long-term severe neutropoenia forced to an early surgical excision of the lesion. 2. A patient suffering from an orbitary hemangioma with severe exoftalmus was treated with interferon because of a steroid-resistance. A spastic diplegia due to interferon reverted after treatment was discontinued. 3. In a patient with a Blue-Rubber Bleb Nevus syndrome, extended percutaneous sclerosis was performed. She developed skin necrosis of the left leg and a permanent sciatic nerve paralysis. 4. In a patient with an arteriovenous malformation on the right leg and gluteous, a femoral artery endoprosthesis was placed because of a massive bleeding. She underwent a total excision of the malformation and developed a recurrent ischemia related to a femoral thrombosis. Finally a foot amputation was needed. 5. A patient with a Kaposi-like hemangio-endothelioma who was following a high-dose prolonged steroid therapy died because of a meningoencephalitis related to a severe immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of vascular anomalies during childhood need an early accurate diagnosis. If a right therapeutic sequence is not performed, useful drugs can turn into inefficient or dangerous. Most treatment complications in these patients can be avoided.

Blood Vessels↗
PubMed2002

Headspace solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in whole numan blood.

A method for the determination of several organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in human whole blood samples was developed. The combination of solid-phase microextraction in headspace mode with gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry allowed the determination of 11 selected pesticides at ppb levels, minimizing the sample treatment. Quantitation was carried out by means of calibration curves prepared in blood using labelled surrogate/internal standards. The method showed good linearity between 1 and 50 ng ml(-1) (0.5-25 ng ml(-1) for HCB) using second-order calibration curves. Precision was found to be better than 20% at the three concentration levels assayed in the range of ng ml(-1). The detection limits obtained were in the range 0.02-0.7 ng ml(-1), except for p,p'-DDT (3 ng ml(-1)). The developed procedure was applied to blood and serum samples obtained from agricultural workers. HCB. beta-HCH and p,p'-DDE were most frequently detected in the samples analyzed.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2002

Multiresidue determination of endosulfan and metabolic derivatives in human adipose tissue using automated liquid chromatographic cleanup and gas chromatographic analysis.

A multiresidue method based on normal-phase liquid chromatography (LC) cleanup and gas chromatography-electron capture detection-mass selective detection (GC-ECD-MSD) analysis has been developed for the determination of endosulfan and its main metabolic derivatives in human adipose tissues. Analytes were extracted by dissolving the fat samples in n-hexane, and the hexanic extracts were directly injected onto the silicagel column of the automated LC cleanup system. Purified LC extracts were analyzed by GC-ECD or GC-MSD, without any solvent exchanges or preconcentration steps. The high efficiency of the high-performance liquid chromatographic cleanup for the elimination of fats allowed to reach detection limits for all analytes at low nanograms-per-gram concentration levels. The optimized overall analytical procedure was applied to 18 selected human mammary adipose and abdominal fat tissue samples. p,p'-DDE, hexachlorobenzene, and beta-HCH were the most frequently detected compounds, and residues of endosulfan-sulfate and -ether were also found in several samples. All findings were confirmed by an additional GC-MS-MS analysis of the LC sample extracts.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

[Comparative study of prognostic and risk factors for mortality in polymicrobial bacteremia-fungemia in a university hospital: development over 10 years].

OBJECTIVE: Eighty-two episodes of polymicrobial bacteremia in two time periods, 1986-87 and 1996-97, were compared to assess differences in risk factors and outcome to mortality. METHODS: A prospective, concurrent, anterograde study with univariate analysis of all episodes of polymicrobial bacteremia was performed in Hospital de la Princesa. Logistic regression analysis was applied to all significant variables (p < 0.05) in the univariate analysis in either of the two time periods. RESULTS: Variables showing statistically significant differences in incidence between the two time periods included the following: hospital acquired bacteremia; previous use of antibiotics; genitourinary, respiratory and cardiovascular manipulations; septic metastases; and absence of leukocytosis. These factors were more frequently present during 1986-87 than during 1996-97. The overall RR of outcome to mortality was five-fold greater during the first period than the second: RR 5.6 (CI 1.76-17.56) p < 0.001. The clinical characteristics at the onset of bacteremia associated with mortality in the first period were: underlying disease - < RR 2.20 (CI 1.18-4.08), steroid treatment - < RR 4.24 (CI 0.68-26.59), hypotension - < RR 2.05 (CI 1.0-4.17), and disseminated intravascular coagulation - < RR 2.31 (CI 1.69-3.35). Clinical characteristics at the onset of bacteremia associated with mortality in the second period were: hypotension - < RR 1.44 (CI 1.01-2.08), underlying disease - < RR 1.16 (CI 1.02-1.34), and disseminated intravascular coagulation - < RR 6.40 (CI 1.15-35.69). The variables independently associated with mortality in polymicrobial bacteremia were: period - < RR 2.05 (CI 1.50-2.10), underlying disease - < RR 7.05 (CI 2.68-7.50), hypotension - < RR 7.06 (CI 3.80-7.29), and (probably) vascular manipulations - < RR 3.41 (CI 0.85-4.53). CONCLUSION: Polymicrobial bacteremia-associated mortality was five-fold greater in 1986-87 than in 1996-97. The variables independently associated with mortality risk were underlying disease, hypotension, the period studied (which would include a number of variables not analyzed in this work) and, probably, vascular manipulations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[High flow vascular malformations in children].

Unlike hemangiomas and low-flow vascular malformations which are very common in children, arterial anomalies have small incidence. Differential diagnosis is difficult, and needs a physician familiarized with vascular anomalies. Appropriate treatment must be planned by multidisciplinary team considering the patient's age, and anatomical location. Twenty-eight children with high flow vascular malformations have been treated since 1990 at La Paz Children's Hospital Vascular Anomalies Program. We excluded of the study group patients with central nervous system lesions. 85% of the patients had malformation in stage I or II (according the ISSVA accepted Schöbinger stating) and most of them were erroneously diagnosed as hemangioms with a variety of inappropriate treatments previously performed. Doppler Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance confirmed malformation flow and extension. Angiography and selective embolization was only considered as therapeutic approach in candidates to surgical resection. 16 patients underwent complete resection of the malformation including one foot and two fingers amputation and five more incomplete resection of the ulcerate area. In conclusion, we did not find age at onset, sex and symptoms relationship. Laser, radiotherapy, surgical ligation or partial resection must be considered inappropriate therapies which may stimulate AVM exacerbation. Only radical surgical procedure after selective endovascular embolization will be successful but then reconstructive surgery should be performed to achieve good aesthetic and functional results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Integra Artificial dermis in pediatric reconstructive surgery].

UNLABELLED: The recent release of artificial dermis for general use, has open wide a new field in pediatric reconstructive surgery. The aim of this paper is to analyze the results of Integra artificial dermis in our Plastic Surgery Department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of the patients treated with Integra between february 1999 and january 2001 were analyzed, focusing on the indications, the complications and the final results. RESULTS: Fourteen Integra implantation procedures in 11 patients aged 16 months to 12 years (mean +/- SD: 80.9 +/- 48.5 months) were performed. Indications were: acute burns in 5 cases, burns sequelae in 5, and partial extirpation of a congenital giant nevus in the last one. Integra was used to replace between 2 and 30% of total body surface area. The percentage of "take" of skin grafts was 85%. The most frequent early complication was the development of infection under the Integra; it occurred in 2 cases and artificial dermis had to be partially removed. Hypertrophic scars developed in 2 patients; both had refused pressure garments. Cosmetic results in the remaining 9 patients are considered excellent. CONCLUSIONS: The use of artificial dermis has settled as a new procedure in plastic pediatric surgery. In spite of possible complications, the easy manipulation and the good results make Integra a perfect skin substitute in several cutaneous disorders.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2002

[Decrease in bacterial translocation in burned children treated with controlled nutritional support].

INTRODUCTION: Alteration in epithelial enteric cells are the main cause of bacteria translocation and local and systemic infections. Our aim is to evaluate these infections in burned children treated with enteral nutrition and compare the results with our previous observations. Material and methods. We designed a prospective study including 50 patients (0-14 years) with TBSA > 10% (total body surface area). Bacteriological cultures were performed at their admittance and weekly until the discharge. Nutritional necessities were evaluated using calorimetry. Nutritional support was supplied by nasoduodenal tube at continuous rates. RESULTS: Three (6%) patients with enteral nutrition (Group 1) showed positive blood cultures (two of them by enteric bacteriae). 14 patients (28%) showed local infections (five by enterococci). We performed a retrospective study in a homogenous group of 44 patients (Group 2), previously treated in our Department without controlling nutrition. We found five (11.3%) positive blood cultures (four by enteric bacteriae) and 22 (50%) local infections (eleven by enteric bacteriae). The improvement of systemic and local infection rates and the decrease in infections caused by enteric bacteriae were statistically significative (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A controlled nutritional support is a main cause of the improvement in infection rates and decrease in bacterial translocation in pediatric burned patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Rapid direct determination of pesticides and metabolites in environmental water samples at sub-microg/l level by on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

A very rapid, multi-residual, sensitive and specific procedure for determining 35 pesticides in environmental ground and surface water in proposed. It is based on the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined on-line with liquid chromatography (LC) electrospray (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Simultaneous target analysis of 29 pesticides (1 fungicide, 16 insecticides, 10 herbicides and 2 acaricides) and 6 metabolites with positive or negative ionization was reached by the direct injection of only 1.3 ml of filtered water sample, with a total analysis time of 18 min. The SPE-LC-MS-MS method was validated, obtaining good results for all compounds at 0.5 and 0.1 microg/l. Most of them could be correctly quantified at a concentration level as low as 25 ng/l. Efficiency and applicability of this method was evaluated by the analysis of several samples included in a monitoring program.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2001

Proteasomal-dependent aggregate reversal and absence of cell death in a conditional mouse model of Huntington's disease.

Neuronal intranuclear inclusions are a histopathological hallmark of Huntington's disease. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism by which they are formed and their relevance to neuronal cell death and/or dysfunction remains unclear. We recently generated a conditional mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD94) in which silencing expression of mutated huntingtin led to the disappearance of intranuclear aggregates and amelioration of the behavioral phenotype. Here, we analyze primary striatal neuronal cultures from HD94 mice to explore the dynamics of aggregate formation and reversal, the possible mechanisms involved, and the correlation between aggregates and neuronal death. In parallel, we examine symptomatic adult HD94 mice in similar studies and explored the relationship between aggregate clearance and behavioral reversal. We report that, in culture, aggregate formation and reversal were rapid processes, such that 2 d of transgene expression led to aggregate formation, and 5 d of transgene suppression led to aggregate disappearance. In mice, full reversal of aggregates and intranuclear mutant huntingtin was more rapid than reported previously and preceded the motor recovery by several weeks. Furthermore, the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin inhibited the aggregate clearance observed in culture, thus indicating that aggregate formation is a balance between the rate of huntingtin synthesis and its degradation by the proteasome. Finally, neither expression of the mutant huntingtin nor aggregates compromised the viability of HD94 cultures. This correlated with the lack of cell death in symptomatic HD94 mice, thus demonstrating that neuronal dysfunction, and not cell loss, triggered by mutant huntingtin underlies symptomatology.

Acetylcysteine↗