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Biomedical subjects

F B Hollinger

Publications and source records attributed to F B Hollinger.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Immunological and biophysical alteration of hepatitis B virus antigens by sodium hypochlorite disinfection.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was examined as an effective disinfectant in hepatitis laboratories. Concentrations of NaOCl containing 5,600 ppm (5,600 microgram/ml) of available chlorine were found to be effective in destroying the antigenicity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in virion-rich plasma after an exposure time of 1 min or more. In the treatment of protein-deficient solutions containing HBsAg, smaller concentrations of available chlorine (less than 500 pm) are equally effective. Neither 17-to 25-nm HBsAg particles nor 45-nm virion particles could be detected by electron microscopy after treatment. chemical interaction of protein and NaOCl was confirmed by isoelectrofocusing of 125I-labeled HBsAg. More than 90% of the labeled material was found at pH 3.0 or lower, indicating complete antigen oxidation. Labeled HBsAg was reduced in density from 1.21 g/cm3 in CsCl to approximately 1.07 g/cm3 after treatment with NaOCl. Both hepatitis B core antigen and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity were significantly reduced after interaction with hypochlorite solutions. These results show that NaOCl destroys hepatitis B antigenicity and virus structures and therefore may be utilized as a disinfectant for the virus.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient↗
PubMed1981

Immunization of chimpanzees with hepatitis B virus-derived polypeptides.

Previous studies established that the purified polypeptides derived from the 22-nm particles associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) produce both humoral and cellular immunity against HBsAg in guinea pigs. Therefore, the two major polypeptides with molecular weights of 22,000 and 25,000 (P22 and P25, respectively) were isolated, adsorbed to an alum adjuvant, and used to immunize four nonimmune chimpanzees. A vigorous anti-HBs response was observed in all four animals after one inoculation of an alum-adsorbed polypeptide vaccine containing 40 micrograms of protein. After one to two booster inoculations, anti-HBs switched from being predominantly immunoglobulin M to the immunoglobin G class, indicating the establishment of immunological memory. Challenge of the vaccinated chimpanzees with 30,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus provided evidence for the efficacy of this vaccine. None of the four animals developed serological markers associated with an active hepatitis B infection, and no biochemical or histopathological changes of hepatitis were observed. A nonvaccinated control chimpanzee that was inoculated with the same hepatitis B virus material developed hepatitis B infection, confirming infectivity of the challenge inoculum.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1980

Characterization of HBeAg by physicochemical and immunochemical methods.

HBeAg, which is a hepatitis B-associated antigen, was purified and characterized. The end product from ion exchange, gel filtration and immunoadsorbent columns consisted mainly of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules, identified by immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At least four polypeptides with molecular weights of 55,000, 38,000, 25,000 and 20,000 daltons were detected in four different preparations of HBeAg. Two of these have molecular weights similar to the heavy and light chains of IgG (55,000 and 25,000 daltons). It is postulated that HBeAg may be a small ligand of 20,000 daltons with an affinity for IgG. This affinity, especially if it involves the light chain of IgG, could account for the 38,000 or 42,000 molecular weight polypeptides seen by autoradiography.

Chromatography, Affinity↗
PubMed1980

Transfusion-transmitted viruses study: experimental evidence for two non-A, non-B, hepatitis agents.

Plasma, serum, and a concentrate of factor VIII, implicated in human cases of non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis, were inoculated into four chimpanzees. All four animals demonstrated significant elevations of alanine aminotransferase levels within five weeks. After recovery from these NANB hepatitis episodes, the chimpanzees were cross-challenged with different inocula. A second episode of NANB hepatitis occurred after challenge in three animals. Reproducibility of the results was established by reversing the sequence of inoculation in two of the animals. A known infectious concentrate of factor VIII failed to induce hepatitis in a previously infected chimpanzee although the animal remained susceptible to a third inoculum, an event suggesting that the first inoculum might contain the same NANB hepatitis agent as the concentrate of factor VIII, which was supported by results of a subsequent cross-challenge experiment. Reinfection did not occur in two chimpanzees injected with their initial challenge strain of NANB hepatitis virus, providing evidence that strain-specific immunity had been established. Thus, experimental evidence is provided for the presence of two NANB hepatitis agents, supporting clinical and epidemiologic studies that favor the existence of more than one etiologic agent.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1980

Antigenic relationship of a hepatitis B surface antigen-derived polypeptide and human serum albumin.

Four major polypeptides with mol. wt. of 22000, 25000, 52000 and 68000 were isolated from solubilized preparations of hepatitis type B surface antigen (HBsAg). These four populations, referred to as P22, P25, P52 and P68, respectively, were used to immunize guinea-pigs. Guinea-pigs were also inoculated with HBsAg and with purified human serum albumin (HuSA). These antisera were utilized to establish that intact HBsAg particles are associated with HuSA antigenic reactivity. HuSA antigenic determinants were associated with purified preparations of P68. HuSA antigenic activity was not detected with purified preparations of P22, P25 and P52 or with respective specific antisera to each of the above. However, purified P68 contained the antigenic determinants of both host protein and hepatitis B virus-specified protein origin.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗
PubMed1980

Humoral and cellular immunity to hepatitis B virus-derived antigens: comparative activity of Freund complete adjuvant alum, and liposomes.

Complete Freud adjuvant, aluminum gel, and liposomes were compared for their ability to enhance the immunogenicity of an intact 22-nm HBsAg particle vaccine and an HBsAg-derived polypeptide vaccine in guinea pigs. Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated. The greatest immune response was obtained with complete Freund adjuvant, regardless of the antigen preparation. Aluminum gel appeared to be a better adjuvant for 22-nm HBsAg particles, but the liposomes rendered polypeptide preparations more immunogenic. The possibility that various proportions were entrapped in aqueous compartments instead of being inserted into the lipid bilayers of liposomes might account for this difference. The development of both humoral and cellular immunity was dependent upon the use of an adjuvant, because aqueous preparations had poor immunogenicity.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed1978

Cellular and humoral immunity in guinea pigs to two major polypeptides derived from hepatitis B surface antigen.

Guinea pigs immunized with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), types adw, adr and ayw, and with two major polypeptides derived from HBsAg/adw developed cell-mediated immunity as determined by the macrophage migration inhibition assay. Peritoneal exudate cells from animals immunized with a 22000- or a 25000-mol. wt. polypeptide derived from HBsAg/adw showed significant migration inhibition after challenge with either polypeptide or with purified HBsAg. Significant inhibition of macrophage migration was not observed when polypeptide-sensitized cells were challenged with normal human serum or with normal human liver extract. Similarly, a cell-mediated immune response was not observed in peritoneal exudate cells from animals sensitized to normal human serum or normal human liver extract which were challenged with either of the polypeptides. The humoral immune response to either of the polypeptides, as measured by radioimmunoassay, was substantially lower than that observed in animals immunized with intact particles. This apparent difference between cellular and humoral responses suggests that the macrophage migration assay is a sensitive indicator of the immunogenicity of the smaller mol. wt. HBsAg-derived polypeptides in guinea pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Non-A, non-B hepatitis transmission in chimpanzees: a project of the transfusion-transmitted viruses study group.

Experimental transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis was apparently accomplished in 5 chimpanzees following inoculation with presumably infectious human sera. Administration of sera from implicated donors with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values, as well as from those with abnormal ALT levels, resulted in the development of ALT abnormalities in the inoculated chimpanzees. Transmission from donors with normal ALT values implies that healthy carriers of non-A, non-B virus exist. Evidence is presented which indicates that a period of viremia precedes the clinical illness by at least 12 days.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1977

Viral hepatitis.

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Hepatitis B Antigens↗
PubMed1977

Experimental carcinoma of liver in macaque monkeys exposed to diethylnitrosamine and hepatitis B virus.

The effects of treatments with diethylnitrosamine (DENA) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) on macaque monkeys were investigated by virus serology and by light and electron microscopy. The experimental groups comprised 43 newborn or juvenile cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys of both sexes. HBV neither had a carcinogenic effect nor increased the oncogenic effect of DENA. However, HBV given to juvenile primates before treatment with DENA resulted in subsequent gross and microscopic alterations consistent with mild hepatitis and postnecrotic cirrhosis; multifocal liver carcinoma apparently developed within these cirrhotic nodules. The pathologic findings in the experimental animals were strikingly similar to those observed in liver cancer patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Hepatitis Ain Greenland: importance of specific antibody testing in epidemiologic surveillance.

An epidemic of viral hepatitis type A in an arctic area is described. From 1970-1974, 4961 clinical cases of hepatitis were reported in Greenland, corresponding to 11 per cent of the total population. Epidemiologic surveillance indicated person-to-person transmission of the disease, apparently by the oralfecal route. The course of the disease was mild, and complications were rare with a case fatality rate of 0.3%. Ninety-three per cent of the cases occurred in individuals 1-25 years of age, suggesting widespread immunity in the adult population presumably due to infection with hepatitis A during a similar epidemic in 1947-1948. The occurrence of antibody to hepatitis A antigen (anti-HA) in healthy Greenlanders, as detected by radioimmunoassay, closely paralleled this observation. Anti-HA was present in 38 (93%) of 41 individuals born before 1948 and in one (3%) of 29 younger persons. Anti-HA also was detected during the epidemic in the sera of 25 randomly selected hepatitis cases. Immunoglobin analysis in three acute-phase sera showed anti-HA reactivity predominantly in the IgM fraction. The epidemic showed no relation to the hepatitis episodes occurring annually in the area, and seroepidemiologic data indicated that the endemic hepatitis may be caused by hepatitis B virus only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Biochemical and biophysical properties of hepatitis B core particles derived from Dane particles and infected hepatocytes.

Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was purified from Dane particles and from infected hepatocytes. An identical isoelectric pH of 4.0 was determined for labeled preparations of both Dane-derived and liver-derived HBcAg. Unlabeled liver-derived HBcAg demonstrated a lower isoelectric pH of 3.7. Molecular weight determinations by Sepharose 4B column chromatogrpahy revealed that liver-derived HBcAg had a molecular weight of 8.5-9.0 X 10(6) daltons. The sedimentation coeficient of both Dane- and liver-derived HBcAg was found to be 124S. PAGE revealed that iodinated HBcAg derived from Dane particles was very similar in polypeptide structure to HBcAg derived from infected liver tissue. Twelve polypeptides were resolved from Dane core particles, and seven to nine were resolved from liver core particles. Several of the polypeptides in both preparations co-migrated with iodinated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). However, three polypeptides (mol. wt. 88,000, 79,000 and 59,000) were found in both Dane- and liver-derived HBcAg but not in HBsAg, which suggests that these polypeptides are HBcAg-specific. Endogenous DNA polymerase activity was observed in both Dane- and liver-derived core particles.

DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase↗
PubMed1977

Hepatitis B prevalence within a dental student population.

In this descriptive epidemiologic study, prevalence rates of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti-HBs) among fourth-year dental students and second-year dental hygiene students were found to be comparable to those of a control population and a local age-adjusted blood donor group. This observation contrasts with the rates reported for practicing dentists, especially oral surgeons, and indicates that the increased risk experienced by dentists after dental school may be attributable to potentially greater exposure to the hepatitis B virus resulting from an expanded patient load. No significant correlation was found between a positive serologic response and several potential risk factors: previous liver disease, prior contact with hepatitis patients, parenteral injections, facial hair, and punctures sustained during dental procedures. In contrast, prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was increased significantly among black students.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1976

Polyarthritis, polyarteritis and hepatitis B.

An association between viral hepatitis and two rheumatic disease syndromes has been observed. Twenty-nine patients manifested a transient polyarthritis, sometimes associated with a rash (Group I). Ten patients were seen with a multisystem disease (Group II). Histologic evidence of arteritis or glomerulonephritis was present in seven of ten patients with multisystem disease. Liver tissue from 18 patients showed morphologic evidence of hepatitis with viral features in 9 of 10 patients in Group I and in 6 of 8 patients in Group II. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or antibody to HBsAg were detected in sera of all 39 patients. Abnormal liver functions were present in 36. Twelve Group I patients and 2 Group II patients became jaundiced. Rheumatoid factor was present in sera of seven patients in each group. The third component of complement (C3) was depressed in 13 patients in Group I and 7 patients in Group II. The fourth component of complement (C4) was decreased in 8 of 21 Group I and 3 of 7 Group II patients. Synovial fluid C3 was decreased in 2 of 11 Group I and 1 of 4 Group II patient's fluids. Articular inflammation in patients with transient polyarthritis responded in three to seven days to aspirin, acetominophen and/or bedrest alone and rashes disappeared spontaneously. Patients with multisystem disease generally had a prolonged illness and responded somewhat unpredictably to prednisone or a combination of prednisone and cyclophosphamide.

Adolescent↗