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F A Larkin

Publications and source records attributed to F A Larkin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Comparison of two dietary questionnaires validated against multiple dietary records collected during a 1-year period.

The validity of two dietary history questionnaires was examined, one the Health Habits and History Questionnaire (HHHQ) developed by Block et al and the other a questionnaire developed by investigators at the University of Michigan (UM). The reference data consisted of the mean of four 4-day dietary records and recalls collected for 1 year before administration of the questionnaires. The sample of 85 persons included black and white men and women aged 25 to 50 years. The HHHQ was entirely self-administered; the UM questionnaire had both self- and interviewer-administered components. The HHHQ group means were similar to food record estimates for energy and most nutrients, whereas the UM questionnaire produced overestimates for energy and all nutrients examined. Correlations ranged from .31 to .60 (median = .48) for the UM questionnaire and from .42 to .68 (median = .57) for the HHHQ. Use of respondent-reported portion sizes with the HHHQ produced higher correlations than use of investigator-determined "standard" portion sizes (median r = .43 vs .57). Food frequency questionnaires can provide useful nutrient data for individuals as well as groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of three consecutive-day and three random-day records of dietary intake.

We conducted this study to determine whether 3 days of dietary records from randomly selected days or from consecutive days more closely estimated the energy and nutrient intake values obtained from 16 days over a 1-year period. Participants consisted of 228 men and women, black and white. No one of three random-day samples or one of five consecutive-day samples better estimated energy and nutrient intake. The group means for intake of energy and seven nutrients were similar for random and consecutive days. However, for energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and calcium, the means of the absolute differences between the values for 16 days and those for the random days were significantly smaller than the corresponding means between the values for 16 days and those for consecutive days. Random-day samples may be preferable for describing dietary intake of individuals and small groups when the gain in reliability is worth the cost.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Partitioning macronutrient intake estimates from a food frequency questionnaire.

In the 1984-1985 University of Michigan Food Frequency Study, 228 black and white men and women ages 24-51 years completed 16 days of food records over the course of a year and then completed a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The relative validity of macronutrient (fat, protein, and carbohydrate) estimates from the questionnaire was evaluated with the records used as a standard. The two methods differed both in estimated group mean intake and in the relative ranking of individuals. Partitioning of between-method disagreement showed that frequency differences were the main source of poor agreement in relative ranking; serving size differences contributed mainly to disagreement in group mean intake; and differences in nutrient composition had only minor effects. After adjusting for total calorie intake, agreement in group mean intake improved. Agreement in relative ranking and classification also improved, but substantial disagreement remained. The strategy of adjusting for total calorie intake depends on the assumption that macronutrients are reported in similar proportions on both instruments. This assumption did not appear to hold true. Respondents showed considerable variability in the proportionality of reporting, with 46% of respondents reporting fat intake disproportionately. A summary index of proportionality is described and the relation between disproportionate reporting and misclassification is discussed. Disproportionate reporting of macronutrients limits the ability of food frequency questionnaires to rank individuals similarly to a reference method even if estimates are adjusted for total calorie intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Dietary patterns of women smokers and non-smokers.

The 1-day food intakes of 1,338 women, aged 19 to 50, who were respondents in the 1985 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals, were studied. The energy, nutrient, and food intake patterns of smokers, those how had quit smoking, and those who had never smoked cigarettes were compared. Mean energy intakes of smokers (1,627 kcal), those who had never smoked (1,620 kcal), and those who had quit at least 1 year before the interview (1,719 kcal) were not significantly different. Self-reported body weight was significantly different between never-smokers and smokers (p less than .01) and quitters (p less than .05) only for the oldest category of women (ages 41 to 50 years). The consumption of fruits (p less than .001) and vegetables (p less than .01) was significantly lower and the intake of eggs (p less than .01), sugars (p less than .001), regular carbonated soft drinks (p less than .01), coffee (p less than .001), and alcoholic beverages (p less than .001) was significantly higher for women smokers than for non-smokers. After controlling through regression analysis for physical activity, health status, and demographic characteristics, we found that smokers, compared with never-smokers, had significantly lower protein (p less than .04), dietary fiber (p less than .001), vitamin C (p less than .001), and thiamin (p less than .01) intakes and higher cholesterol (p less than .02) intakes per 1,000 kcal.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of estimated nutrient intakes by food frequency and dietary records in adults.

Sixteen days of dietary recall and records collected over 1 year for 228 respondents were compared with an estimate of "usual" diet based on a 116-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for the study year. Respondents were white and black men and women aged 24 to 51. Mean energy values for the total group were 2,111 kcal for the recall/records and 2,766 kcal for the FFQ, a 31% difference. The mean food energy and nutrient values obtained by the FFQ were consistently and significantly higher than the mean recall/record values for all four race-sex groups, although the degree of difference varied by nutrient, food group, and demographic characteristics of the respondents. For the nutrients compared, the smallest difference between methods was for protein--27% for the total group. The greatest difference was for vitamin A--123% for the total sample. Sex-race specific correlation coefficients between methods were relatively high for calcium, vitamin C, and iron.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Counting calories: partitioning energy intake estimates from a food frequency questionnaire.

Differences in energy estimates between a food frequency questionnaire and a multi-day dietary record can be partitioned into distinct components due to differences in reported frequency of consumption and in reported serving size, and to differences in nutrient composition between the questionnaire standards and the foods reported on the records. The effect of each component on the relative validity of the questionnaire can be assessed by examining its contribution to the differences between the two methods in estimated group intake and in the relative ranking of individual respondents. This methodology was used for the 1984-1985 University of Michigan Food Frequency Study, in which the estimated energy intake from a quantitative food frequency questionnaire was compared with that from 16 days of food records collected over the course of a year from 228 white and black men and women aged 24-51 years. For all race-sex subgroups, mean energy intake estimated from the questionnaire was significantly greater than mean intake estimated from the record. Within race-sex subgroups, the correlations between estimates from the two methods were low, and agreement in classification by tertiles was poor. The differences in group mean energy intake between the methods were due to the effects of discrepancies in both serving size and frequency of consumption. However, the low correlations and poor agreement in classification for individual respondents were due principally to the effect of discrepancies in frequency. These results suggest that improving the accuracy of frequency estimation is a key element in increasing the relative validity of food frequency questionnaires used for epidemiologic research.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Blood pressure and nutrition in adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

To provide a contemporary profile of blood pressure and nutritional and sociodemographic relationships in the adult US population, data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES -I), 1971-1975, were analyzed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased with increasing age, but trends were different by sex and race groups. Body mass index (weight/ height2 ) was the nutritional factor most strongly and consistently related to blood pressure. Among dietary constituents, alcohol consumption and calcium and phosphorus intake were the only variables having consistent and independent relationships to blood pressure. Sodium content of food and salt use had no relationship, and sodium/potassium food content had only an inconsistent association. Regarding serum nutritional measures, serum calcium was directly related and serum phosphorus was inversely related to blood pressure. Serum urate, serum aspartate aminotransferase, and hemoglobin were also independently related to systolic and diastolic blood pressures. There were few important differences by race or sex in these correlates. These observations from a representative sample of the US population have useful implications for prevention and treatment of high blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Calcium intake and hypertension.

In the article "The 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" (19 Nov., p. 765), the last full sentence in column 2 on page 765 should have read, "In the 1930's, Raphael Kurzrok and Charles Leib at Columbia University discovered that human seminal plasma contracted uterine smooth muscle." In the first sentence of the last paragraph in column 1 on page 768, "Calloway" should have been "Kellaway."

Calcium, Dietary↗
PubMed1977

The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity in adult men and women in the Tecumseh Community Health Study.

The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity was studied in a cross-sectional population of about 1000 men and 1000 women ages 35 to 69. A detailed 24-hr diet recall interview was administered by trained interviewers. Frequency of eating--eight categories--was determined by computer program using reported actual eating times and food consumed. The adiposity variable was an index using two skinfold measurements, height and weight. An analysis of covariance removing the effect of caloric intake showed that frequency of eating was related inversely to the adiposity index for men and women separately with statistical significance at the 1% level.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

Etiology of growth failure in a clinic population.

To identify the basis of growth failure, the background of preschool children whose growth fell below 97 per cent of their peers was compared with that of those who demonstrated a higher level of growth achievement. A questionnaire administered at the home of each child documented living conditions, health history, and other family characteristics. Families of the growth-retarded children had higher income, higher credit payments, and used higher dollar values of Food Stamps. A greater percentage of the growth-retarded children were low-birth-weight infants. However, neither low birth weight nor any other one factor consistently predicted poor growth achievement. The need for adequate growth standards to correctly diagnose achievement remains a primary need in the field of nutritional assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Growth standards for infants and children: a cross-sectional study.

Measurements of height and weight were collected on 1,233 Black and white infants and children attending a Child Health Clinic in Washtenaw County, Michigan. Polynomial curves were fitted to each race and sex group and, from these, estimates were made of the 3rd, 50th, and 97th percentiles for height and weight. Blacks tended to be lighter and shorter than whites in early infancy. In the second year of life, Blacks tended to exceed whites in height and weight achievement. For infants and children in the 97th percentile this change in status occurred earlier. The differences in weight and height achievement were statistically significant in the two race groups, but not between sexes. The percentile estimates differed significantly from the percentiles of local as well as the "Iowa," "Harvard," and "Tanner" (United Kingdom) standards. Differences in the racial and environmental background of the clinic population and the samples used in the development of the national standards probably accounts for the variations in the percentile estimates. It is concluded that race- and sex-specific standards are required before growth achievements in infants and children can be properly evaluated.

Body Height↗
PubMed1973

Zen macrobiotic diets.

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Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗