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Biomedical subjects

E White

Publications and source records attributed to E White.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Improving follow-up after an abnormal Pap smear: a randomized controlled trial.

Less than 60% of women diagnosed with cervical abnormalities on Pap smears return for proper surveillance and timely treatment. Previous tactics used to motivate these women to return have mainly relied on costly intensive recall efforts. Using a framework based on psychological value expectancy theory, a pamphlet was designed to motivate women with abnormal Pap smears to return for a repeat Pap smear. The effect of this pamphlet was tested in a randomized controlled trial. A total of 161 women with abnormal Pap smears were randomized and received either the pamphlet plus a notification letter or the letter only. The compliance rate was 64.2% in the intervention group and 51.3% in the comparison group (P = 0.10; two-tailed). In addition, subgroups of women who do not practice health-related behaviors were identified as groups where more intensive interventions may be needed. These results have implications for future strategies used to recall women with abnormal Pap smears.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

CD4+ helper T cell depression in autism.

CD4+ (helper) T cells are a heterogenous population of lymphocytes including at least two distinct subpopulations. To investigate the possibility that immune abnormalities in some subjects with autism may involve abnormal distributions of CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells, (suppressor) T cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes of 25 autistic subjects were characterized with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. The autistic subjects had a significantly lower percentage and number of CD4+ cells, a lower number of T cells (CD2+ cells) and B cells (CD20+ cells), and a lower percentage and number of total lymphocytes than siblings and normal subjects. The level of blood values for female subjects appeared lower than those for males as compared to normal subjects of the same sex. These results suggest that a decrease in CD4+ cells is associated with autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The standing advisory group for community psychiatric nursing: grasping the nettle?

This paper reports on the work of the Standing Advisory Group for Community Psychiatric Nursing Education (SAGCPNE). A precis of the historical development CPN education is provided and a stronger relationship with the Mental Nurses Committee is proposed. It is argued that the educational preparation of community psychiatric nurses is the sine qua non of desirable, high quality, community mental health services and that methods for the identification and protection of adequate financial resources for such preparation must be found.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1990

The association between aluminum-containing products and Alzheimer's disease.

The association between exposure to aluminum through the lifetime use of antiperspirants and antacids and Alzheimer's disease (AD) was explored in a case-control study of 130 matched pairs. Cases were clinically diagnosed between January 1980 and June 1985 at two geriatric psychiatric clinics in Seattle, Wash. Controls were friends or non-blood relatives of the case. Subjects were matched by age, sex, and the relationship between the case and his or her surrogate. For all antiperspirant/deodorant use, regardless of aluminum content, there was no association with AD (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.6-2.4). For aluminum-containing antiperspirants, the overall adjusted OR was 1.6 (95% CI = 1.04-2.4) with a trend toward a higher risk with increasing frequency of use (p for trend = 0.03), the adjusted OR in the highest tertile being 3.2. For antacids regardless of aluminum content, the overall adjusted OR was 3.1 (95% CI = 1.2-7.9). Here, a steep dose-response gradient was found (p for trend = 0.009), with an adjusted OR for the highest tertile of 11.7. However, when only aluminum-containing antacids were analyzed, the overall adjusted OR was only 0.7 (95% CI = 0.3-2.0) and there was no significant dose-response trend. These results are provocative but inconclusive due to methodologic problems relating to the necessary use of surrogate respondents and the long time period of potential exposure for this dementing disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: effect of dietary lysine concentration on efficiency of lysine retention.

Diets were formulated using sugar, soya-bean meal and free amino acids to contain 0.1-0.8 g lysine/MJ digestible energy (DE) and offered at three times maintenance to male and female pigs from 20 to 45 kg live weight. Growth responses and retentions of protein, fat, energy and lysine were assessed. Increasing the dietary lysine concentration resulted in significant (P less than 0.001) linear and curvilinear increases in growth rates and decreases in food conversion ratios. There was only a small effect of lysine concentration on total energy retention, but a substantial effect on the partitioning of energy deposition, with increases in the rate of protein deposition and decreases in fat retention. There was no difference in the efficiency of protein deposition between male and female pigs but males responded more to higher lysine concentrations than females (estimated 0.93 and 0.74 g lysine/MJ DE for males and females respectively). Lysine concentration in the protein deposited by the pigs increased linearly and curvilinearly (P less than 0.01) from 5.8 to 6.6 g lysine/16 g N with increasing dietary lysine concentration. There was a linear and quadratic response (P less than 0.001) in retention of ileal digestible lysine, with the minimum retention of 0.16 occurring at 0.1 g lysine/MJ DE and increasing to a maximum retention of 0.73 at a dietary concentration of 0.47 g lysine/MJ DE. The efficiency of lysine retained/ileal digestible lysine intake was 0.86 and the endogenous lysine loss was estimated at 0.94 g/d.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

The association between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease.

The relation between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease was one of four major risk factors explored in a case-control study of 130 matched pairs; cases were clinically diagnosed between January 1980 and June 1985 at two geriatric psychiatric clinics in Seattle, Washington, and controls were friends or nonblood relatives of the cases. Subjects were matched by age, sex, and relationship between the case and his or her surrogate respondent. Head injuries which resulted in a loss of consciousness or which caused the subject to seek medical care were documented by means of interviews with surrogate respondents. A history of head injury was recorded for 24% of the cases and 8.5% of the controls, yielding an odds ratio of 3.5 (95% confidence interval 1.5-8.3) in conditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for age at onset of disease symptoms and family history of Alzheimer's disease. The estimated risk of Alzheimer's disease increased as the time between the last head trauma event and the onset of disease symptoms diminished (p = 0.002). This trend remained statistically significant (p = 0.006) when head injuries which occurred within 5 years of onset of the disease were excluded from the analysis. There was some difference between cases and controls for the average duration of unconsciousness in events accompanied by such a loss, but this was not statistically significant. The two groups were also similar in the circumstances surrounding the injuries and in the frequency of alcohol problems. This is the third case-control study to find a statistically significant association between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Detection of maternal antibodies in infantile autism.

Maternal antibodies reactive with antigenic proteins expressed on the cell surface of paternal lymphocytes can be detected in couples with histories of more than one miscarriage or stillbirth. It is possible, but not proven, that these antibodies also react with tissues of the fetus and result in fetal death. Since many mothers of autistic children have a history of pregnancy disorder, antibodies were studied in 11 mothers of autistic children who were 6 years of age or younger. Six of the mothers had antibodies that reacted with lymphocytes of the autistic child. Five of these six mothers had a history of pregnancy disorder. Since antigens expressed on lymphocytes are found on cells of the central nervous system and, perhaps, other tissues of the developing embryo, it is suggested that aberrant maternal immunity may be associated with the development of some cases of infantile autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Compliance behavior in women with abnormal Pap smears. Developing and testing a decision model.

This study investigated the reasons why women choose whether or not to seek treatment after being notified about an abnormal Pap smear in a women's clinic in Seattle. A hierarchic weighted utility model was developed from in-depth open-ended interviews with women who had an abnormal Pap smear and was used to identify beliefs and values related to the decision to seek treatment, i.e., a repeat Pap smear, for an abnormal Pap smear. Interviews with 18 women who had an abnormal Pap smear produced 12 issues pertinent to the behavior in question. These issues were grouped to form the hierarchy, and the decision model was then administered to 44 additional women. The model accurately classified the compliance behavior of 68% of study subjects. Moreover, the model differentiated persons who sought treatment for an abnormal Pap smear along several important dimensions: 1) doctor's opinion; 2) the accuracy or seriousness of the Pap smear result; 3) the importance of early detection; 4) familiarity with the treatment procedure; 5) time hassles (i.e., difficulties) involved in getting further treatment; 6) femininity concerns; 7) fear of cancer; and 8) perceived risk of cancer. These dimensions suggest specific content areas that may be used to develop low-cost compliance intervention strategies for use in clinical settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effects of ryanodine and caffeine on Ca-activated current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes.

1. Action potentials from guinea-pig single ventricular myocytes were interrupted by application of a 300 ms voltage clamp to -40 mV in order to evoke the Ca-activated tail current which is thought to be carried by Na:Ca exchange. Stimulation frequency was 1 Hz and temperature 36 degrees C. 2. The actions of ryanodine (1 microM and 10 microM) and caffeine (1 mM and 10 mM) on Ca-activated tail currents were investigated. 3. Exposure to 10 mM caffeine and ryanodine reduced tail currents associated with very abbreviated (12 ms duration) action potentials and greatly reduced the difference between first and steady-state tail currents at this action potential duration. These observations were interpreted in terms of suppression of Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores. 4. Tail current decay during the voltage clamp is thought to reflect the fall in [Ca]i which accompanies muscle relaxation. Current decay is dependent on Ca extrusion via Na:Ca exchange and on Ca accumulation by the SR stores. Time constants of tail current decay were seen to decrease with increasing action potential duration. This relationship was not affected by 1 mM caffeine or 1 microM ryanodine. Ryanodine at 10 microM and 10 mM caffeine abolished this relationship and increased the time constants of current decay. An increase in the time constant of tail current decay was thought to reflect a reduction in the rate of Ca accumulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 5. The actions of caffeine and ryanodine on the Ca-activated tail currents are consistent with a dose-dependent leakage of Ca from the SR Ca stores. The Ca-activated tail current appears to be a useful tool in the study of Ca homeostasis.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1990

The action of strophanthidin on calcium-activated current and contraction in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes.

Calcium-activated tail current was used as a qualitative indicator of changes in [Ca]i in order to investigate the mechanism of strophanthidin-induced inotropy in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Action potentials were interrupted (by application of a voltage clamp to -40 mV) in order to evoke Ca-activated current. Exposure to 10 microM-strophanthidin for 2 min resulted in an increase in contractions associated with complete action potentials and in an increase in Ca-activated current. Strophanthidin appeared not to substantially modify the time course of the envelope of tail currents (recorded by interrupting action potentials at different durations), which is thought to reflect the time course of the systolic [Ca]i transient. Exposure to 1 microM-ryanodine slowed the development of the Ca-activated current envelopes and abolished the above effects of strophanthidin. Exposure to strophanthidin led to reduction in Ca current in a majority of cells (measured by a voltage-clamp step from -40 to 0 mV). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes strophanthidin causes an increased loading of ryanodine-sensitive intracellular stores of Ca, possibly through reduced extrusion of Ca from the cell by Na-Ca exchange during the action potential plateau.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1990

Role of adenovirus E1B proteins in transformation: altered organization of intermediate filaments in transformed cells that express the 19-kilodalton protein.

Cooperation of the nuclear oncogene E1A with the E1B oncogene is required for transformation of primary cells. Expression vectors were constructed to produce the 19-kilodalton (19K) and 55K E1B proteins under the direction of heterologous promoters in order to investigate the role of individual E1B proteins in transformation. Coexpression of E1A and either the 19K or 55K E1B gene products was sufficient for the formation of transformed foci in primary rat cells at half the frequency of an intact E1B gene, suggesting that the 19K and 55K proteins function via independent pathways in transformation. Furthermore, the effects of Ha-ras and the E1B 19K gene product were additive when cotransfected with E1A, suggesting that the 19K protein functions in transformation by a mechanism independent from that of ras as well. Although expression of E1A and either E1B protein was sufficient for the subsequent growth of cells in long-term culture, the 19K protein was required to support growth in semisolid media. As the 19K protein has been shown to associate with and disrupt intermediate filaments (IFs) when transiently expressed with plasmid vectors (E. White and R. Cipriani, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:9886-9890, 1989), the organization of IFs in transformed cells was investigated. Primary rat cells transformed by plasmids encoding E1A plus the E1B 19K protein showed gross perturbations of IFs, whereas cell lines transformed by plasmids encoding E1A plus the E1B 55K protein or E1A plus Ha-ras did not. These results suggest that an intact IF cytoskeleton may inhibit anchorage-independent growth and that the E1B 19K protein can overcome this inhibition by disrupting the IF cytoskeleton.

Adenovirus Early Proteins↗
PubMed1990

Deficiency of suppressor-inducer (CD4+CD45RA+) T cells in autism.

CD4+ cells are a heterogenous population of lymphocytes including at least two distinct subpopulations: CD45RA+ cells, inducers of suppressor T cells and CDw29+ cells, inducers of helper function for antibody production. To investigate the possibility that immune abnormalities in autism may involve abnormal distribution of these helper subpopulations, monoclonal antibodies were used in flow cytometric analysis to characterize peripheral blood lymphocytes of 36 subjects with autism. The autistic subjects as compared to a group of 35 healthy age-matched subjects had a significantly reduced number of lymphocytes, a decreased number of CD2+ T cells and reduced numbers of CD4+ and CD4+CD45RA+ lymphocytes. The numbers of B (CD20+) cells, suppressor T (CD8+) cells, inducers of helper function (CD4+CDw29+) and natural killer (CD56+) cells were not altered in the autistic subjects. Our results suggest that an alteration in the suppressor-inducer T-cell subset is associated with autism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Hydrogen peroxide, the effect on plaque and gingivitis when used in an oral irrigator.

The identification of plaque as the etiological agent in chronic gingivitis and the progression of chronic periodontitis, has intensified the search for effective chemical antiplaque agents to aid in the prevention and treatment of these diseases. To date, no ideal compound has been identified. Using the experimental gingivitis model, the effectiveness of a 1.5% hydrogen peroxide-containing oral rinse, applied as a conventional mouthrinse and in an oral irrigation device, was evaluated. The ability of the mouthrinse to inhibit the development of plaque and gingivitis in the two experimental groups, was compared with controls using a placebo rinse over two 7-day periods. At no time was there any statistical difference between either of the experimental groups and/or the placebo group in terms of gingival or plaque scores. This study concluded that a 1.5% hydrogen peroxide mouthwash was of no therapeutic value in the prevention or treatment of an experimental gingivitis, when used as a mouthrinse or in an oral irrigator.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A comparison of results for cholesterol in human serum obtained by the Reference Method and by the Definitive Method of the National Reference System for cholesterol.

Here we compare the Reference Method (I) and the Definitive Method (II) for measurement of cholesterol in serum. For pure cholesterol solutions, values by I agree with values by II, but for fresh, frozen, or lyophilized sera, values by I average 1.6% higher than values by II. We conclude that an undetected interference is associated with I. However, the observed difference does not diminish the usefulness of I as an accuracy base for cholesterol measurements, because it is clinically insignificant at present.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMed1989

Changes in cytosolic calcium monitored by inward currents during action potentials in guinea-pig ventricular cells.

Action potentials were recorded from single cells isolated from guinea-pig ventricular muscle. Contraction was measured with an optical technique. Tail currents thought to be activated by cytosolic calcium were recorded when action potentials were interrupted by application of a voltage-clamp. A family of tail currents was recorded by interrupting the action potential at various times after the upstroke. The envelope of tail current amplitudes was taken as an index of changes in cytosolic calcium. Consistent with this interpretation, tail currents were negligible following intracellular loading with the calcium chelator BAPTA to suppress calcium transients. The cytosolic calcium transient estimated from the envelope of tails reached a peak approximately 50 ms after the upstroke of the action potential, and fell close to diastolic levels before repolarization was complete; 10 mM caffeine delayed the time to peak contraction, and caused a prolongation of the cytosolic calcium transient estimated from the envelope of tail currents. Caffeine also induced the appearance of a distinct late plateau phase of the action potential. Intracellular BAPTA suppressed the late plateau, contraction and tail currents in cells exposed to caffeine. Exposure to caffeine increased the time constant for decay of tail currents (from approximately 25 to 70 ms). When action potentials were greatly abbreviated by interruption with a voltage-clamp, a progressive decline occurred in the subsequent three contractions and tail currents. There was a progressive reversal of these effects over four responses when the full action potential duration was restored. None of these effects was observed in cells exposed to caffeine. Calcium-activated tail currents appear to be a useful qualitative index of changes in cytosolic calcium. The observations are consistent with the suggestion that cytosolic calcium is reduced during the plateau by a combination of calcium extrusion through Na-Ca exchange and calcium uptake into caffeine-sensitive stores. It also appears that reduction of stores loading during abbreviated action potentials reduces subsequent contraction in cells not exposed to caffeine.

Action Potentials↗