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Biomedical subjects

E Weisberg

Publications and source records attributed to E Weisberg.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

The practical aspects of clinical trials of contraceptive methods.

Although setting up a clinical trial to test the efficacy of a method of contraception may appear to be a simple exercise, in practice, unless the aim is well delineated, the trial carefully designed, and the staff participating in the trial carefully briefed, problems will arise which prevent a successful outcome. Possible areas of bias such as selection of participants and staff prejudices must be eliminated, otherwise the value of the results may be diminished. Ethical considerations must be addressed regarding voluntary participation, information for participants, delineation of risk to participants and informed consent.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1985

Smoking and reproductive health.

Numerous studies have identified specific areas in which the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy may occur including fetal growth retardation, neonatal deaths, pregnancy complications leading to premature delivery and possible effects on lactation and long-term effects on surviving children. Despite the number of papers which have been published on this subject there is still no clear understanding of the extent to which smoking in general, and various components of cigarette smoke in particular, exert a detrimental effect on the human reproductive potential. Although epidemiological evidence is scanty there are indications that cigarette smoking decreases fertility in women, increases the frequency of menstrual abnormalities and decreases the age of spontaneous menopause. Cigarette smoking in males has also been implicated as a cause of decreased sperm numbers and an increased frequency of abnormal sperm morphology as well as a decrease in sexual performance. Experimental evidence from humans and rodents suggests that nicotine can alter the hypothalamic-pituitary axis through its stimulation of growth hormone, cortisol, vasopressin and oxytocin release which in turn inhibit luteinizing hormone and prolactin release.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Fertility following reversal of male and female sterilization.

It is estimated that 60% of Australian couples will opt for sterilization as a method of birth control. Approximately 0.5 to 1% of all sterilized males and females will request reversal. With tubal occlusion, it appears that the method used to produce occlusion, the occlusion site, the length of viable tube remaining and the time between sterilization and reversal appear to be predictive factors in producing intrauterine pregnancy. With the increasing tendency for sterilization to be performed in younger women, surgeons should consider performing surgery only on the isthmus of the tube, preserving as much undamaged tube as possible and using methods of occlusion other than diathermy to ensure adequate tubal occlusion and yet maintain optimum conditions should reversal be required. Successful pregnancy following vasovasostomy appears to be related primarily to length of time elapsed following vasectomy and to the skill of the surgeon in the use of microsurgical techniques, possibly aided by preservation of nerve supply to the vas. It is doubtful whether the presence of sperm antibodies in serum or semen will affect the return of fertility in most individuals, but further research is required to clarify this.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1982

Fertility following discontinuation of different methods of fertility control.

The possibility of permanent sterility following use of modern contraceptive agents is a concept which causes great concern amongst members of the lay public. However, a thorough review of the literature gives a great deal of reassurance on this topic. The combined oral contraceptive pill causes slight delay, and the injectable contraceptives a moderate delay in the return of fertility following discontinuation, but there is no evidence of a greater likelihood of permanent infertility than in the normal population. The progestogen-only minipill should be risk-free, but final data are lacking. Epidemiological studies do not indicate an increased risk of infertility following IUD use, but it seems likely that there must be a very small number of IUD users who develop permanent infective damage to the Fallopian tubes. Barrier methods and periodic abstinence probably do not have any significant effect on subsequent fertility. Barrier methods could be protective. Therapeutic abortion may have a small deleterious effect on long-term reproductive success, but the data are inconclusive. Detailed information on fertility following use of other methods is not available.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1982

Fertility after discontinuation of oral contraceptives.

Concern has been expressed regarding fertility following oral contraceptive (Pill) use. A review of the literature indicates that there is a slight delay in the return of fertility in Pill users but no permanent impairment results. A small proportion of women experience a prolonged period of amenorrhoea following cessation of combined oral contraception, but whether the Pill plays an aetiological role is doubtful since there appear to be no differences in endocrine profiles amongst women with amenorrhoea following Pill use and those with secondary amenorrhoea who have never used oral contraceptives. Factors which may predispose to amenorrhoea following Pill use are: late onset of menarche, previous oligomenorrhoea and low body weight. Following adequate investigation and treatment, fertility rates in women with the so-called post-Pill amenorrhoea syndrome return to normal. There is no evidence of any delay in the return of fertility in women who use the progestogen-only Pill.

Abortion, Incomplete↗
PubMed1980

Whither the IUD?

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Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Fitting of diaphragms.

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Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed1980

Whither the IUD?

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Intrauterine Devices↗
PubMed1980

Sperm antibodies.

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Antibodies↗
PubMed1980

Individual needs in oral contraception.

Individual women may respond differently to the same oral contraceptive formulation. The lowest effective dose should be used, and three months should be allowed before any change. Full information about risks and benefits allows a woman to make her own decision about contraceptive method, and may reduce the impact of the many articles which exaggerate and overemphasize the risks of oral contraception.

Acne Vulgaris↗