Biomedical subjects
E Waters
Publications and source records attributed to E Waters.
The ontogenesis of smiling and laughter: a perspective on the organization of development in infancy.
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Infants' reactions to an approaching stranger: description, validation, and functional significance of wariness.
Reliable descriptions of infants' behavioral responses to an approaching stranger were made from video records. Subtle negative responses (wariness) were validated against heart rate acceleration and responses to mother approach and showed significant age changes. Behavioral aspects of wariness appear to serve a "cutoff" (coping) function for the infant, preventing all-or-none responses (crying) and facilitating subsequent reengagement of the stranger. Attention to both positive and negative responses, especially in the milder forms, helps clarify inconsistencies in reported age of onset and frequency of "stranger fear." The role of data on infants' responses to strangers in formulating an integrated picture of development in the second half-year of life is discussed.
Soluble guanylyl cyclases in Caenorhabditis elegans: NO is not the answer.
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A secure base from which to explore close relationships.
The theory of attachment as a secure-base relationship integrates insights about affect, cognition, and behavior in close relationships across age and culture. Empirical successes based on this theory include important discoveries about the nature of infant-caregiver and adult-adult close relationships, the importance of early experience, and about stability and change in individual differences. The task now is to preserve these insights and successes and build on them. To accomplish this, we need to continually examine the logic and coherence of attachment theory and redress errors of emphasis and analysis. Views on attachment development, attachment representation, and attachment in family and cross-cultural perspective need to be updated in light of empirical research and advances in developmental theory, behavioral biology, and cognitive psychology. We also need to challenge the theory by formulating and testing hypotheses which, if not confirmed, would require significant changes to the theory. If we can accomplish these tasks, prospects for important developments in attachment theory and research are greater than ever, as are the prospects for integration with other disciplines.
The stability of attachment security from infancy to adolescence and early adulthood: general introduction.
Current attachment theory hypothesizes that attachment security during infancy influences individual differences in adult representations of attachment. We present three long-term longitudinal studies using three different samples relevant to this hypothesis. Each study assesses infant attachment by using the Ainsworth Strange Situation and adult attachment by using the Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Attachment security was significantly stable in the first two studies. Discontinuity in all three studies was related to negative life events and circumstances. Comparison of the results across these complementary studies affords a degree of replication and sheds light on alternative interpretations. Various mechanisms underlying the stability and instability of attachment security are discussed.
Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: a twenty-year longitudinal study.
Sixty White middle-class infants were seen in the Ainsworth Strange Situation at 12 months of age; 50 of these participants (21 males, 29 females) were recontacted 20 years later and interviewed by using the Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). The interviewers were blind to the participants' Strange Situation classifications. Overall, 72% of the infants received the same secure versus insecure attachment classification in early adulthood, K = .44, p < .001. As predicted by attachment theory, negative life events-defined as (1) loss of a parent, (2) parental divorce, (3) life-threatening illness of parent or child (e.g., diabetes, cancer, heart attack), (4) parental psychiatric disorder, and (5) physical or sexual abuse by a family member-were an important factor in change. Forty-four percent (8 of 18) of the infants whose mothers reported negative life events changed attachment classifications from infancy to early adulthood. Only 22% (7 of 32) of the infants whose mothers reported no such events changed classification, p < .05. These results support Bowlby's hypothesis that individual differences in attachment security can be stable across significant portions of the lifespan and yet remain open to revision in light of experience. The task now is to use a variety of research designs, measurement strategies, and study intervals to clarify the mechanisms underlying stability and change.
The stability of attachment security from infancy to adolescence and early adulthood: general discussion.
For over three decades, critics of the developmental and psychometric paradigms have argued that individual differences are neither stable, coherent, nor clinically significant. The present studies extend a long line of research demonstrating the coherence of individual development in attachment security. They make it clear that attachment security can be stable from infancy through early adulthood and that change in attachment security is meaningfully related to changes in the family environment. The task now is to better understand the roles of cross-age consistency in caregiver behavior and the structure of mental representations of early experience in stability and change.
Histopathologic and bacteriologic evaluations of cellulitis detected in legs and caudal abdominal regions of turkeys.
The objective of this study was to identify the causative agent of cellulitis in turkeys. Eighteen flocks from nine producers were sampled at the local processing plant, and 37 birds with cellulitis on legs or caudal thoracic area were obtained. None of the 37 birds with cellulitis had lesions in other organs. On gross examination, lesions were categorized into two groups: cellulitis with unopened skin lesions (type a) and cellulitis with opened skin lesions (type b). Histopathologically, cellulitis with unopened skin lesions had dermal necrosis with underlying fibrin and inflammatory exudate but cellulitis with open skin lesions had chronic granulomatous/granulation tissue-type reaction associated with foreign material. A complete bacteriologic study was conducted on 25 of 37 birds. Bacteria were isolated from 12 of the 25 birds with cellulitis lesions. No aerobic, microaerophilic, or anaerobic bacteria were isolated from the remaining 13 birds with cellulitis lesions. Escherichia coli was isolated in low numbers in mixed cultures with Proteus mirabilis, Lactobacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. in 9 of 12 lesions. The remaining few cases yielded P. mirabilis in pure culture or in mixed culture with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Types a and b cellulitis lesions in turkeys could be associated with primary contact dermatitis and skin abrasions, respectively. Their occurrence is likely associated with different management practices.
The effect of aspirin on serum immunoglobulins.
After discontinuing aspirin products for seven days, 21 aspirin tolerant adults were given 650 mg of aspirin daily for one week. Serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE), complete blood count (CBC), and total eosinophil counts (TEC) were determined before aspirin challenge, four hours after initial challenge, on day seven of aspirin ingestion, 24 hours after discontinuing aspirin, and three weeks after discontinuing aspirin. No significant changes were noted in any of these categories. Although aspirin is an anti-inflammatory drug similar to corticosteroids, it does not produce immunological changes that corticosteroids produce as determined by these parameters.
Pediatric management problems: Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
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