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Biomedical subjects

E Walters

Publications and source records attributed to E Walters.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Impaired granulocyte adherence in mildly diabetic patients: effects of tolazamide treatment.

Granulocyte adherence in 10 of 15 untreated asymptomatic hyperglycemic diabetic outpatients (mean fasting glucose +/- SEM, 289 +/- 16 mg/100 ml) was 62 +/- 7% of control values. After treatment (2--4 wk) with tolazamide (500 mg daily), adherence to the nylon fiber columns employed in this study returned to control levels in the seven patients whose fasting glucose levels fell, (mean, 192 +/- 16 mg/100 ml) and deteriorated in the three in whom fasting hyperglycemia worsened. Results of this study indicate that, even in some mildly diabetic patients, a reduction in granulocyte adherence similar to that found in insulin-dependent diabetics may impair the inflammatory response.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1979

Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole and ampicillin in experimental meningitis.

The penetration of cefamandole and ampicillin into the cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits with and without pneumococcal meningitis was evaluated. In normal animals, a mean maximum concentration of 0.22 +/- 0.13 microgram of cefamandole per ml was measured in the spinal fluid after a dose of 150 mg/kg given intramuscularly; with 25 and 50 mg/kg doses, no antibiotic was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. With ampicillin, in intramuscular doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg, the mean maximum concentrations encountered in the cerebrospinal fluid were 1.59 +/- 0.4 and 1.47 +/- 0.44 microgram/ml, respectively. Penetration of cefamandole, and to a lesser extent ampicillin, was increased after 24 h of experimental meningitis. With cefamandole, the concentration of drug in the cerebrospinal fluid exceeded the usual inhibitory concentration for Haemophilus influenzae only with the 150 mg/kg dose. After 48 h of meningitis, there was a trend toward higher levels of antibiotic in the cerebrospinal fluid, but the difference between animals infected 24 versus 48 h was not statistically significant. In animals with meningitis, serum concentrations after 150 mg of cefamandole per kg and both ampicillin doses studied were 32 to 38% lower than the serum levels achieved in normal rabbits after identical doses of antibiotic.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1978

Impaired granulocyte adherence. A reversible defect in host defense in patients with poorly controlled diabetes.

When the ability of granulocytes from 10 poorly controlled diabetic patients with fasting hyperglycemia and no evidence of ketoacidosis (mean fasting glucose 293 +/- 20 mg. per 100 ml.; mean +/- S.E.M.) to adhere to a nylon fiber column was assessed, the number of adherent granulocytes from whole blood was only 53 +/- 6 per cent of the values observed in controls. After antidiabetic treatment for one to two weeks and lowering of fasting glucose levels (mean 198 +/- 29 mg. per 100 ml.), adherence improved significantly (p less than 0.01) in the diabetics; however, their values were still subnormal (diabetic 74 per cent +/- 8 of control; p less than 0.02). Adherence values before and after treatment correlated with the fasting glucose level (r = 0.88, p less than 0.001). These findings suggest that, in addition to previously reported abnormalities in migration and the ingestion and killing of bacteria, granulocyte adherence may also be impaired in poorly controlled diabetic patients. This functional abnormality correlates directly with the fasting glucose and is reversed by insulin treatment. A defect of this type may compromise the normal inflammatory response in some diabetics and impair their capacity to resist infection.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1978

Experimental pneumococcal meningitis. IV. The effect of methyl prednisolone on meningeal inflammation.

This study was undertaken to determine whether adrenal corticosteroids suppress meningeal inflammation in experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits and, if so, whether the mechanism of suppression involves inhibition of chemotactic activity in CSF or modification of granulocyte responses to inflammation mediators. It was found that methyl prednisolone, administered intramuscularly in doses of 15 or 30 mg/kg 24 hr and 48 hr after induction of meningitis, significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) the mass of granulocytes present in the meninges 72 hr after infection, the time of maximum meningeal inflammation. The larger dose of steroid produced approximately twice the suppressive effect of the smaller dose (p less than 0.05). The regime of methyl prednisolone that produced maximal suppression of meningeal inflammation (30 mg/kg/day) did not alter CSF chemotactic activity or chemotactic responsiveness and phagocytic activities of granulocytes from rabbits with meningitis. However, steroid therapy inhibited an increase in granulocyte adherence that was observed in untreated animals with meningitis (p less than 0.05). Thus methyl prednisolone in doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg given daily to rabbits with pneumococcal meningitis produced a suppressive effect on meningeal inflammation that was dose-dependent and was possibly mediated by inhibition of granulocyte adherence.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Effect of alloxan-diabetes and treatment with anti-insulin serum on pathways of glucose metabolism in lactating rat mammary gland.

1. The overall metabolic changes in lactating mammary gland in alloxan-diabetic and anti-insulin-serum-treated rats were assessed by measurement of the incorporation of (14)C from specifically labelled glucose, pyruvate and acetate into carbon dioxide and lipid, together with measurements of enzymes concerned with the pentose phosphate pathway and with citrate metabolism. 2. Alloxan-diabetes depressed the rate of formation of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]glucose and [2-(14)C]glucose to approx. 10% of the control rate; this was partially reversed by addition of insulin in vitro. The quotient Oxidation of [1-(14)C]glucose/Oxidation of [6-(14)C]glucose fell from a value of 17.6 in the control group to 3.9 in the diabetic group and was restored to 14.3 in the presence of insulin in vitro. In keeping with these results it was shown that glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were significantly decreased in alloxan-diabetic rats. 3. Alloxan-diabetes depressed the decarboxylation and the oxidation of labelled pyruvate, but not the oxidation of labelled acetate. 4. The synthesis of lipid from specifically labelled glucose was greatly decreased, that from [2-(14)C]pyruvate was almost unchanged and that from [1-(14)C]acetate alone was increased in alloxandiabetic rats. However, the stimulation of lipid synthesis from acetate by glucose was small in the alloxan-diabetic rats compared with the controls. Insulin in vitro partially reversed all these effects. Both citrate-cleavage enzyme and acetate thiokinase activities were decreased in alloxan-diabetic rats. 5. Treatment of rats with anti-insulin serum depressed the formation of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]glucose and [2-(14)C]glucose, but increased that from [6-(14)C]glucose. This was completely restored by the presence of insulin in vitro. The quotient Oxidation of [1-(14)C]glucose/Oxidation of [6-(14)C]glucose fell from a value of 17.6 in the control group to 3.8 in the anti-insulin-serum-treated group. There were no changes in the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase or 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, but the hexokinase distribution changed and the content of the soluble fraction increased significantly. 6. The synthesis of lipid from specifically labelled glucose was depressed in anti-insulin-serum-treated rats; this effect was completely reversed by addition of insulin in vitro to the tissue slices.

Acetates↗
PubMed1968

The effect of anti-insulin serum and alloxan-diabetes on the distribution and multiple forms of hexokinase in lactating rat mammary gland.

1. The distribution and multiple forms of hexokinase activity in lactating rat mammary gland were investigated in alloxan-diabetic rats and in rats treated with anti-insulin serum. It was found that 46% of the total hexokinase of mammary-gland tissue from control rats was in the particulate fraction, but this percentage was decreased in the alloxan-diabetic rats to 11% of the total hexokinase. The hexokinase activity of the soluble fraction was not significantly altered but there was a decrease in the type II/type I quotient. 2. The early changes that occurred on insulin deprivation were studied 1hr. after administration of anti-insulin serum to lactating rats, at which time the hexokinase bound to the particulate fraction had decreased to 11% of the control value and that in the soluble fraction had increased by approx. 50%. The hexokinase type II/type I quotient in the soluble fraction was significantly decreased. These results suggested that there was a release of particulate-bound hexokinase in rats treated with anti-insulin serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

The effect of thyroidectomy on the pattern of fatty acids synthesized by mammary gland from lactating rats.

Thyroidectomy decreased the content of short-chain fatty acids and increased the content of long-chain fatty acids in the mammary glands of lactating rats. This effect was replicated in the glands of untreated rats limited to the same food intake as the thyroidectomized animals. Thyroidectomy decreased the incorporation of [6-(14)C]glucose into short-chain fatty acids and increased the incorporation into longer-chain acids. Restriction of the food intake of untreated animals did not cause a similar shift of the incorporation pattern. The possibility that the thyroxine effect on lipogenesis is secondary to its effect on carbohydrate metabolism is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Multiple forms of glucose-adenosine triphosphate phosphotransferase in rat mammary gland.

Measurements have been made of the total hexokinase activity and of the relative amounts of types I and II hexokinase in rat mammary gland and at different stages of the lactation cycle. The total hexokinase activity increased during lactation, that of type II increasing to a greater extent than that of type I; the type II/type I activity ratio rose from a pregnancy value of about 1 to a mid-lactation value of 3, returning to 1 on involution. The changes in type II hexokinase activity during the lactation cycle parallel the changes in the insulin sensitivity of mammary-gland tissue. A study of the effect of alloxan-diabetes on mammary-gland hexokinase during the mid-lactation period revealed that, although the total glucose-phosphorylating capacity of the mammary gland was almost unchanged, the relative contributions of type I and type II hexokinases altered, decreasing the type II/type I activity ratio to about 1.

Animals↗
PubMed1967

Effect of thyroidectomy on pathways of glucose metabolism in lactating rat mammary gland.

1. Assessment of the overall metabolic changes in lactating mammary gland after thyroidectomy has been made by measurement of the incorporation of (14)C from specifically labelled glucose, pyruvate and acetate into (14)CO(2) and (14)C-labelled lipid in the experimental rats and in sham-operated control animals. 2. Thyroidectomy depressed the oxidation of (14)C-labelled substrates, an effect still apparent when the control rats were pair-fed with thyroidectomized rats; however, the ratio of oxidation of [1-(14)C]glucose/oxidation of [6-(14)C]glucose was unaltered. In parallel with these studies it was revealed that the activities of hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were all lower in the thyroidectomized group than in the pair-fed control group. 3. Thyroidectomy also lowered the incorporation of (14)C-labelled substrates into (14)C-labelled lipid, an effect further studied by measurement of the activities of citrate-cleavage enzyme and acetate thiokinase. Restricting the food intake of the control rats to that of the thyroidectomized group lowered the activity of citrate-cleavage enzyme, but no further depression was observed on thyroidectomy. The oxidized and reduced nicotinamide nucleotide content of mammary tissue was shown to be decreased in the thyroidectomized rats compared with the control rats.

Acetates↗
PubMed1967

Effect of alloxan-diabetes on multiple forms of hexokinase in adipose tissue and lung.

Comparison has been made of the effect of alloxan-diabetes on the multiple forms of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) in adipose tissue and lung. Types I and II hexokinase were distinguished in adipose tissue by their different stabilities to heat treatment, which made it possible to determine the activity of each form spectrophotometrically; additional confirmatory evidence was obtained from starch-gel electrophoresis. Type II hexokinase was markedly depressed in adipose tissue from alloxan-diabetic rats. Lung contained types I, II and III hexokinase, type I predominating. There was no significant change in the pattern of these multiple forms of hexokinase in lung from alloxan-diabetic rats. These results are discussed in relation to current ideas that the insulin-sensitivity of a tissue may be correlated with the content of type II hexokinase.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Orbital dystopia: attempts to evaluate the results of surgery.

This study has shown that surgery for hypertelorism or vertical orbital dystopia gives very satisfying results overall to the patients and their families and leads to a modest but highly significant objective improvement in appearance after surgery, as perceived by panels of laymen or hospital staff not known to the patients. The complexities of the methodology of panel assessments of appearance are discussed. The results of this study confirm the need to go beyond our traditional methods of assessing surgical outcome simply within our specialty.

Adolescent↗