Biomedical subjects

E W Kienholz

Publications and source records attributed to E W Kienholz.

17 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Zinc methionine for stressed laying hens.

The effects of zinc methionine product (ZP) supplementation to Single Comb White Leghorn hens on egg production and quality were measured through three consecutive egg laying cycles. During the first and second lay cycles, ZP had minor or nonsignificant effects upon hen performance. During the third lay cycle, a low dietary Ca (.3% Ca) stress of 1 mo duration was encountered. During this low-Ca stress period, hens fed 1 g ZP/kg produced the greatest number of eggs (P less than .05), and during recovery from that low-Ca stress, the hens receiving 2 g ZP/kg produced the most eggs (P less than .05). The ZP appeared to help hens maintain egg size throughout this stress period. The present results indicate that ZP was beneficial to hens during low-Ca stress and during the recovery period following that stress.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

The effect of testosterone propionate on growth of broiler chickens.

The effects of testosterone propionate (TP) on body weight, tissue percentages of body weight, serum IgM, and rectal temperature (2 h postinjection) of male and female broiler chickens were investigated at 28 and 48 days posthatching. Testosterone propionate was dissolved in sesame oil and was injected at 2 mg/kg of body weight every other day, and controls were treated with sesame oil at similar volume, starting Day 7 posthatching. Administration of TP reduced (P < .05) body weight and percentages of liver, testes, and bursa of Fabricius at 28 and 48 days of age. At 28 and 48 days of age, muscle percentage and comb growth of TP-treated birds increased (P < .05) but ovarian weight was unaffected. Concentrations of IgM in serum of TP-injected birds was unchanged at Day 28, but increased (P < .05) at Day 48. Testosterone propionate did not affect percentages of bone or abdominal fat in either sex. Rectal temperature was depressed (P < .05) by TP treatment in both sexes at both ages.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

The utilization of brewers' dried grains in the diets of Chinese ringneck pheasant-breeder hens.

Two trials were conducted, each one using 240 Chinese Ringneck pheasant-breeder hens (Phasianus colchicus torquatus) to determine the effects of feeding various levels of brewers' dried grains (BDG) on egg production, fertility, hatchability, and feed consumption. The birds were subjected to natural daylight. Data were collected for 16 wk of egg production (April 1 through July 31). Each of four diets containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% BDG was fed to three pens (19 females and 1 male per pen), beginning 1 wk prior to the onset of lay. The eggs were collected twice daily and were stored at 13 C and were set in incubators every 14 days. The eggs were candled on Day 21 of incubation to determine the number of infertile eggs and dead embryos. The hatch was removed on Day 25. The egg production and fertility from BDG-fed hens did not differ from those of the control hens. The hatchability of fertile eggs was higher (P less than .05) from hens fed diets containing 30 and 45% BDG than from hens fed the control diet. The inclusion of BDG in the diets of pheasant-breeder hens had a favorable influence on the hatchability of eggs.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1981

Protein requirements of smallmouth bass and largemouth bass.

Protein requirements of young smallmouth and largemouth bass reared near ideal water temperatures were estimated as an initial step in quantifying specific nutrients essential to these fishes. Test fish were conditioned to accept pelleted rations, reared in small circular tanks and fed all they would easily consume at each feeding. Six levels of dietary protein were evaluated and gross energy of test diets ranged from 4,219 to 4,793 kcal per kilogram dry diet. Almquist-type plots were used to identify minimum protein requirements and maximum rates of growth. Minimum protein requirements of age 0 and 1 smallmouth bass were 45.3 and 45.2% of the dry diet and maximum rates of growth were 2.85 and 0.99% per day. In age 0 and 1 largemouth bass minimum protein requirements were not greater than 39.9 and 40.8% of the dry diet and maximum rates of growth were 2.36 and 0.76% per day. Protein utilization was measured in age 0 smallmouth and largemouth bass and dietary efficiency was measured in each group of bass. These statistics corroborate the estimated minimum protein requirements.

Amino Acids, Essential↗

PubMed1981

Heavy metal retention in tissues of cattle fed high cadmium sewage sludge.

A diet containing 11.5% (dry matter basis) of a moderately high Cd sewage sludge was fed to six Hereford steers for 106 days to simulate a high sludge intake from sludge-amended soils. At a mean live weight of 460 kg, the steers were slaughtered and liver, kidney, bone, muscle, lung, brain and spleen tissues were collected for heavy metal determinations; tissues were also collected at this time from six control steers fed the same diet with no sludge. The sludge-fed cattle consumed an average of 8.95 kg of diet dry matter/day and gained 1.13 kg/day. This feed intake was slightly higher, but the gain lower than that of control cattle. All gains were equal to those expected from intake of non-sludge diet components. This indicated that the sludge had approximately zero energy value and was acting as a dietary diluent. The sludge metal content (ppm, dry basis) was: Cd, 98; Hg, 18; Pb, 466; Cu, 1,733, and Zn, 1,733. Addition of sludge increased metal contents of the feedlot diet to 30 to 100 times that of the control. Retention of heavy metals in the total animal from sludge ingestion averaged .09%, .06% and .3% for Cd, Hg and Pb; no retention was noted from Cu and Zn. These low fractional retentions increased tissue Cd, Hg and Pb concentrations of liver and kidney tissues by five to 20-fold. Estimates of levels that would enter the human diet from average beef tissue consumption if all feedlot steers were fed sludge are presented for Cd, Hg and Pb. The data indicate that cattle are a moderately effective screen against the entry of these potentially toxic metals into the human diet.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1981

Reduced vitamin a levels of chicks fed anaerobically digested sewage sludge.

Diets containing 20% of air-dried anaerobically digested Fort Collins sewage sludge were fed to broiler chicks. The diets were balanced in protein and had the same vitamin and mineral supplement. The sludge diets containing approximately 2,500 ME kcal/kg compared to 3,000 ME kcal/kg in the control feed. Birds gained less body weight on sludge diets and liver vitamin A levels were reduced. Extrusion of cord-sludge mixture prior to diet formulations made the diet much poorer for supporting growth, reduced feed efficiency, and lowered liver vitamin A levels. It was concluded that ingestion of the sewage sludge impaired the utilization of vitamin A from the diet.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed1980

Dietary fat and exercise conditioning effect on metabolic parameters in the horse.

Four isocaloric diets containing 4, 8, 12 and 16% dietary fat (as soybean oil) were fed to four horses at four intervals according to a Latin square design. After 3 weeks of conditioning at each interval, diet effects were evaluated by trotting all horses at 3.2 m/sec for 6 hours. Pre- and posttrotting responses were measured in muscle and liver glycogen, serum long-chain fatty acids, serum electrolytes, serum enzymes, serum cholesterol, plasma glucose, packed cell volume and hemoglobin. Dietary fat was highly correlated with exercise-induced plasma glucose changes and with cholesterol concentrations. Regardless of the diet, linoleate concentration was about eight times higher than that of the other fatty acids, and it increased slightly as dietary fat levels increased. Stearate concentration also increased with increasing dietary fat but palmitic and oleic acid decreased. Increases in fat intake also resulted in slight increases in liver glycogen at the resting level. Conditioning resulted in a significant decrease in exercise-induced fluctuations of serum enzymes and electrolytes but significantly increased elevations of plasma long-chain fatty acid concentrations. Resting muscle glycogen increased by 37% during the study as a result of conditioning, but there was no effect on liver glycogen at rest or after exercise. Feeding of the four levels of dietary fat in the form of soybean oil had no adverse effects and proved a safe and efficient method of providing concentrated energy to working horses.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Effect of excessive dietary vitamin E on the chick.

Day-old male broiler chicks were fed a broiler ration for five weeks to which was added one of the following levels of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; 0; 2,000; 4,000; 8,000; 16,000; 32,000, and 64,000 I.U./kg. The chicks fed diets containing 4,000 I.U./kg. or more of vitamin E showed decreased pigmentation in their beaks, feet and shanks, and liver as a percent of body weight was significantly increased. Feeding at least 8,000 I.U./kg of the vitamin significantly reduced chick body weight and resulted in waxy appearing feathers. Dietary inclusion of 16,000 I.U./kg. or more of vitamin E significantly increased feather, spleen, liver, and plasma vitamin E content.

Animals↗

PubMed1975