Biomedical subjects

E Thomas

Publications and source records attributed to E Thomas.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Aerosolization of imipenem/cilastatin prevents pseudomonas-induced acute lung injury.

Aerosolization of imipenem/cilastatin was compared with continuous intravenous infusions of the antibiotic for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. The concentrations of imipenim/cilastatin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BAL) obtained from rats exposed to the aerosolized antibiotic were significantly greater than the concentrations in BAL in the rats that had received intravenous infusions of imipenem/cilastatin. The two methods of antibiotic delivery were compared for their effects on bacterial-induced lung injury in rats that had Pseudomonas aeruginosa instilled into their airspaces. The aerosolization of antibiotic was associated with significantly decreased bacterial-induced lung injury. The high concentrations of antibiotic in the airspaces secondary to aerosolization appears to kill bacteria more quickly and preserve lung epithelial and endothelial integrity better than systemic delivery of the same antibiotic.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed1996

Tolfenamic acid in the control of ocular inflammation in the dog: pharmacokinetics and clinical results obtained in an experimental model.

Tolfenamic acid (TA) was tested in two studies to investigate its value in controlling ocular inflammation in the dog. First, TA was assayed within primary and secondary aqueous humour (AH) and in plasma 0, 4 and 24 hours after a 4 mg/kg subcutaneous injection. Secondly, an experimental ocular surgery model was set up in 10 dogs-five receiving TA two hours before surgery and five left untreated. TA was shown to diffuse into AH, reaching lower levels than in plasma: 1:126 ratio in primary AH and 1:43 in secondary AH. In the model, TA-treated dogs versus untreated dogs showed a significant reduction of miosis (P < 0.05) and a clear trend to a reduced ocular discharge and corneal oedema (P = 0.06). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels increased significantly less in AH after TA treatment (P < 0.05). These results show that TA, even if the whole concentration measured in AH is lower than in plasma, is able to limit the synthesis of the inflammatory mediator PGE2 in AH and to control ocular inflammatory symptoms induced by corneal surgery.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

More pain, more tender points: is fibromyalgia just one end of a continuous spectrum?

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the hypothesis that fibromyalgia represents one end of a spectrum in which there is a more general association between musculoskeletal pain and tender points. METHODS: The subjects studied were 177 individuals selected from a population based screening survey for musculoskeletal pain. All subjects completed a pain mannikin and were examined for the presence of tender points at the nine American College of Rheumatology bilateral sites. RESULTS: There were moderately strong associations (odds ratios range 1.3-3.1) between the reported presence of pain in a body segment and the presence of a tender point within that segment. Further, there was evidence of a trend of increasing number of tender points with increasing number of painful segments. The reporting of non-specific pain, aching, or stiffness, was also associated with high tender point counts. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates that the association between tender points and pain is not restricted to the clinically defined subgroup with chronic widespread pain. Given that widespread pain and tender points have previously been linked with distress, this might reflect lesser degrees, or earlier phases of the somatisation of distress.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1996

Risk factor analysis of data from assessment clinics in the UK breast screening programme: a case-control study in Portsmouth and Southampton.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim was to quantify the influence of demographic and reproductive factors on breast cancer. The subjects' path through the screening clinic, the inherent differences between the control groups, and the possible biases when using screening programmes were also considered. DESIGN: A case-control study using both personal contact and postal questionnaires to gather demographic and reproductive information. SETTING: Women attending two breast screening recall clinics in Portsmouth and Southampton over the period 1990-92. PARTICIPANTS: Altogether 1813 subjects between the ages of 50 and 65 years. The subjects' disease status was ascertained using a mammography and classified into four categories: 253 breast cancer (cases); 207 benign breast disease (BD); 410 requiring early rescreen (ER); and 943 for standard recall (SR). The BD, ER, and SR groups were used as separate controls. MAIN RESULTS: Of the factors considered here, the only two that showed a consistently significant effect on the risk of breast cancer were age and body mass index (BMI). Odds ratios were calculated for five yearly age groups and four groups of BMI using the youngest and lightest group as the baseline, respectively. There seemed to be an increase in the risk of breast cancer for increasing age for each comparison made (for cases v SR:OR (95% CI) = 1.60 (1.10, 2.34), 2.54 (1.76, 3.68)). All subjects above the lowest quartile of BMI experienced increased risk, although a trend was not clear (for cases v SR: OR (95% CI) = 1.66 (1.03, 2.66), 1.37 (0.86, 2.20), 1.98 (1.24, 3.15)). CONCLUSIONS: Various other potential risk factors were found to be inconsistently significant depending on choice of control group. This may help in understanding the differences between the three control groups used.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Effects of four years' treatment with biosynthetic human growth hormone (GH) on body composition in GH-deficient hypopituitary adults.

Short-term trials of growth hormone (GH) substitution in hypopituitary adults have shown beneficial effects on body composition. To evaluate the long-term effects on body composition, we followed thirteen GH-deficient adults (GH < 6 mU/l following standard provocative tests) for 4 years of GH replacement. At yearly intervals, serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist, waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) and resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were determined, and body composition was assessed using three independent methods: total body potassium (TBK), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Compared to baseline, IGF-I levels increased significantly at 1 (p = 0.0001), 2 (p = 0.0004), 3 (p = 0.006) and 4 years (p = 0.002). Body weight and BMI changed minimally at 1, 2 and 3 years and increased significantly only at the fourth year (p = 0.012 and p = 0.0009, respectively) of GH therapy. Waist and WHR decreased significantly at 1, 2 and 4 years (waist: p = 0.0009, p = 0.0004, p = 0.049; WHR: p = 0.0025, p = 0.012, p = 0.047, respectively). Neither resting SBP nor DBP changed significantly. Fat-free mass (FFM) derived from TBK and BIA increased significantly at 1 (p = 0.004; p = 0.004), 2 (p = 0.003; p = 0.05), 3 (p = 0.005; p = 0.04) and 4 years (p = 0.02; p = 0.002). Using DXA, the increase in FFM was significant at 1 (p = 0.007) and 2 years (p = 0.008) but not at 3 and 4 years. Percentage body fat measured by TBK, BIA and DXA decreased significantly at 1 (p = 0.008; p = 0.003; p = 0.03), 2 (p = 0.018; p = 0.06; p = 0.049) and 4 years (p = 0.03; p = 0.002; p = 0.04). A rise in total body water, calculated from BIA, was observed at 1 year (p = 0.004) and was maintained throughout the treatment period. These data demonstrate that 4 years of GH treatment in hypopituitary adults is associated with sustained improvement in body composition.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1996

The natural history of chronic pain in the community: a better prognosis than in the clinic?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictors of improvement at 2 years in subjects with chronic widespread pain ascertained from a community survey. METHODS: As part of a community based epidemiological survey on the occurrence of pain, 141 subjects (age range 24-74 years; 44 men, 97 women) were selected for more detailed assessment. Followup information on pain experience was collected at a median of 27 months (range 15-35). Subjects were categorized according to whether they had no pain, chronic widespread pain (according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria), or regional pain, both at initial assessment and followup. In addition, subjects were examined at both time periods for tender points. RESULTS: Of those with chronic widespread pain at initial assessment, 35% still had chronic widespread pain at followup, 50% regional pain, and 15% no pain. Of those originally with regional pain, 65% still had regional pain, 19% chronic widespread pain, and 16% no pain at followup. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine factors among those with chronic widespread pain associated with still having these symptoms at followup. Female sex, older age, leaving school at a young age, high tender point count, high levels of fatigue, or additional physical or psychological symptoms were all associated with symptoms being less likely to resolve. CONCLUSION: Chronic widespread pain in the community has a generally good prognosis. However, those with additional symptoms associated with the fibromyalgia syndrome were more likely still to have chronic widespread pain 2 years later.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Psychologic distress and low back pain. Evidence from a prospective study in the general population.

STUDY DESIGN: The present is a prospective population-based cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether psychologic distress in patients free of low back pain predicts future new episodes of such pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: An associating between symptoms of depression and anxiety and low back pain has been described in cross-sectional studies. It is unclear whether this represents cause or effect or whether it is found only in chronic pain sufferers attending specialist clinics. There is a need to investigate this prospectively in the general population. METHODS: The study population was 4501 adults aged 18-75 years who responded to a questionnaire survey mailed to all those registered with two family practices in the United Kingdom. The survey inquired about low back pain during the previous month and included the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, a validated schedule for measuring psychologic distress in the general population. New episodes of low back pain during the 12 months after the survey were identified by two methods--continuous monitoring of all primary care consulters and a second postal survey at the end of the 12-month period to determine occurrences for which consultation had not been sought. RESULTS: Among 1638 subjects free of current low back pain in the baseline survey, the likelihood of developing a new episode of nonconsulting low back pain was higher among those with General Health Questionnaire scores in the upper third of the range compared with the lower third (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8 [1.4, 2.4]). This could not be explained either by age and gender differences or by general physical health. The increased risk persisted when analysis was restricted to those who at baseline could not recall ever having had low back pain in the past and to those with full-time employment. CONCLUSION: Symptoms of psychologic distress in individuals without back pain predict the subsequent onset of new episodes of low back pain. We calculate from these data that the proportion of new episodes of low back pain that might be attributable to such psychologic factors in the general population is 16%.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

CD30-mediated signaling promotes the development of human T helper type 2-like T cells.

We have recently shown that CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily, is preferentially expressed by human T cell clones producing T helper (Th) type 2 cytokines. We report here that costimulation with an agonistic anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody enhanced antigen (Ag)-induced proliferation and cytokine secretion by established human Th2 and Th0 clones. Moreover, costimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the same anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody resulted in the preferential development of Ag-specific T cell lines and clones showing a Th2-like profile of cytokine secretion. In contrast, early blockade in bulk culture of CD30 ligand-CD30 interaction shifted the development of Ag-specific T cells towards the opposite (Th1-like) phenotype. Taken together, these data suggest that CD30 triggering of activated Th cells by CD30 ligand-expressing Ag-presenting cells may represent an important costimulatory signaling for the development of Th2-type responses.

Antigen-Presenting Cells↗

PubMed1995

General practitioners' requirements from a hospital cardiology department.

The requirements of 500 general practitioners from a hospital department of cardiology were sought and assessed from a questionnaire. One hundred and twenty two general practitioners caring for 766,384 patients responded. The most important inpatient service requirement was that cardiologists should be responsible for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction and other acute cardiac conditions. The expertise and reputation of the consultant cardiologist and the waiting time for an appointment were the two most important outpatient service requirements. The least important aspect was the time patients waited in clinic to see a doctor. Fundholders considered price of outpatient consultations to be unimportant. Waiting times for cardiac catheterisation and non-invasive cardiac investigations together with the quality of the investigation equipment and the technical staff were all considered to be important requirements. Most general practitioners wanted protocols for managing common cardiac conditions. The majority wanted an open access investigation service to reduce outpatient waiting times. Those who did not want an open access service explained that they would not be confident in interpreting the results or deciding subsequent management. An understanding of the requirements of general practitioners is helpful in planning and developing hospital services.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed1995

Multiple psoas abscesses after posterior spinal fusion.

STUDY DESIGN: A case of multiple psoas abscesses after Dove lumbar spine fixation is reported. OBJECTIVES: To review the diagnosis and treatment of deep infection after internal spinal fixation. METHODS: The possibility of septic complications after spinal surgery that may present with a degenerative pattern is examined. The clinical and computed tomographic findings of a psoas abscess are recalled. RESULTS: Surgical drainage of the purulent collection was performed along with prolonged parenteral antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION: Infection should be considered as a cause of recurrence of pain after internal fixation of the lumbar spine.

Female↗

PubMed1995

Enhancement of leukotriene A4 biosynthesis in neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis after a single glucocorticoid dose.

Human blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) from seven patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were compared for their capacities to produce leukotrienes ex vivo before (D0) and 24 hr (D1) after glucocorticoid pulse therapy. The present study shows for the first time that endogenous arachidonic acid metabolism via 5-lipoxygenase pathway is significantly increased after glucocorticoid administration, leading to increased generation of the unstable precursor leukotriene A4 (LTA4) followed by predominant non-enzymatic LTA4 opening and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) omega-hydroxylation pathway. These results are unexpected since usually glucocorticoids are usually thought to decrease inflammatory mediator biosynthesis and, moreover, they work to the detriment of the clinical improvement of the patient. The results are discussed in terms of product inactivation and cellular cooperation with monocytes and endothelial cells.

Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase↗

PubMed1995

Acute urticaria and hepatitis complicating high-dose methotrexate therapy.

We report an unusual case of anaphylaxis and hepatitic dysfunction in a child with the administration of the twenty-third course of high-dose methotrexate. The latter had been used as an adjuvant to prevent pulmonary metastases and the prior 22 courses had been well tolerated. An attempt to reinstate methotrexate after the twenty-third course was again followed by a similar reaction.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1995

Conversion of endogenous arachidonic acid to 5,15-diHETE and lipoxins by polymorphonuclear cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The conversion of endogenous arachidonic acid (AA) by polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was studied before (D0) and one day (D1) after antiinflammatory drug therapy. The biosynthesis of 5,15-diHETE and lipoxins (LXS), were investigated ex vivo, after PMN stimulation by ionophore A23187 without exogenous addition of 15-HETE. The eicosanoids were resolved by RP-HPLC and simultaneously detected at 246 and 302 nm respectively. Large amounts of 5,15-diHETE (50 to 400 ng/10(7) PMN) and significant levels of LXS (from 2 to 20 ng/10(7) PMN) were produced with individual differences between donors. Metabolite levels varied between patients but this work showed for the first time a linear relationship between the amounts of 5,15-diHETE and LXS. Moreover LXS production after treatment may be related to long-term clinical improvement of patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Comparison of measurements of body composition by total body potassium, bioimpedance analysis, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in hypopituitary adults before and during growth hormone treatment.

We compared fat-free mass (FFM) and percentage body fat mass (BFM) values derived from total body potassium (TBK), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in hypopituitary adults before and after 6 mo treatment with growth hormone. Before growth hormone treatment, FFM values from the three methods correlated strongly. FFM values from TBK were lower than FFM values derived from BIA and DXA (mean +/- SD: 53.7 +/- 14.3 compared with 49.1 +/- 9.2 kg, P < 0.0001; DXA compared with TBK: 54.7 +/- 16.4 and 49.2 +/- 9.7 kg, P < 0.0002). BFM values from TBK were significantly higher than the BIA-derived (P < 0.002) but not different from the DXA-derived values. There was no difference in FFM and BFM values derived from DXA and BIA methods. The differences between BIA and TBK methods and between DXA and TBK methods were observed in the obese but not in the nonobese subjects. The increase in FFM derived from BIA with growth hormone was greater than that derived from TBK ([median(range)]; BIA: +5.2(-0.1, +13.8) compared with TBK: +0.9(-4.8, +8.6) kg, P < 0.001, but the changes with placebo were not different. The changes in FFM and BFM derived from DXA was growth hormone and placebo were not significantly different from those derived by using TBK or BIA. We conclude that FFM and BFM values derived from TBK, BIA, and DXA correlate highly and that TBK-derived values for FFM are lower than those derived from BIA and DXA in obese patients.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1995

A human recessive neurosensory nonsyndromic hearing impairment locus is potential homologue of murine deafness (dn) locus.

A locus for recessive neurosensory nonsyndromic hearing impairment maps to chromosome 9q13-q21 in two regionally separate consanguineous families from India. Each family demonstrates a LOD score greater than 4.5 to this region. D9S15, tightly linked to the Friedreich's ataxia locus, a region that has been defined with over 1 Mb of YAC contig information and several expressed sequences, is one of the flanking markers. In mice, the deafness (dn) locus maps to mouse chromosome 19 and flanking loci are syntenic to human chromosome 9q11-q21. The dn mouse is a potential model for the hearing impairment found in both these families.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed1995

Abnormal body composition and reduced bone mass in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults.

OBJECTIVES: The role of growth hormone in maintaining normal body composition and bone strength in adults has attracted much interest recently. We have assessed body composition and bone mass in GH deficient hypopituitary adults on conventional replacement therapy and compared them with matched controls. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: A cross-sectional study of 64 growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults (29 males and 35 females) on conventional replacement therapy and a large number of healthy control subjects matched for age, sex and body mass index (BMI). MEASUREMENTS: Skinfold thicknesses at two sites (triceps and subscapular), waist and hip girth circumferences were assessed by standard methods. Body composition was assessed using total body potassium (TBK), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Bone mineral mass was assessed at the lumbar spine and the total body by DEXA. Not every patient and control participated in every measurement. RESULTS: Obesity was common in the hypopituitary patients; BMI (mean +/- SD) was 27.5 +/- 4.6 kg/m2 and body weight was 111.8 +/- 18.5% of the maximal ideal for height (P < 0.001). The sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds was significantly higher in hypopituitary patients than in controls (men 46 + 15 vs 37 +/- 14 mm, P < 0.05; women 55 +/- 13 vs 47 +/- 17 mm, P < 0.05). Waist to hip circumference ratio was significantly greater in female hypopituitary patients than in matched controls but was not significantly different in men (men 0.94 +/- 0.07 vs 0.91 +/- 0.07, NS; women 0.84 +/- 0.09 vs 0.77 +/- 0.05, P < 0.001). The difference between patients and controls in the sum of skinfolds and the waist to hip ratio were present in non-obese (BMI < 26 kg/m2) subjects (21 patients and 32 controls). TBK corrected for body weight was significantly lower in hypopituitary patients (n = 44) than in controls (n = 31) (men 43.5 +/- 5.6 vs 50.1 +/- 5.9 mmol/kg, P < 0.003; women: 34.0 +/- 3.2 vs 40.6 +/- 5.3 mmol/kg, P < 0.0001). BIA-derived body water content (corrected for body weight) was significantly lower in hypopituitary patients (n = 56) than in controls (n = 57) (0.492 +/- 0.064 vs 0.545 +/- 0.067 l/kg, P < 0.0004). Percentage body fat derived from all the three methods was significantly higher in hypopituitary patients than in normal controls in both sexes (from TBK: men 34.7 +/- 9.4 vs 28.8 +/- 7.0%, P < 0.05; women 37.8 +/- 8.7 vs 30.4 +/- 9.7%, P < 0.01; from BIA: men 29.3 +/- 8.5 vs 23.2 +/- 8.4%, P < 0.01; women 34.6 +/- 8.1 vs 29.3 +/- 9.1% P < 0.01; and from DEXA: men 24.8 +/- 6.8 vs 20.4 +/- 6.1%, P < 0.05; women 38.9 +/- 7.9 vs 32.5 +/- 9.8%, P < 0.01). There was a significant difference between non-obese patients and controls in BIA-derived percentage fat in both sexes and in TBK-derived percentage fat in females only. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine in the L2-L4 region was lower in hypopituitary patients than in controls (men 1.116 +/- 0.129 vs 1.311 +/- 0.131 g/cm2, P < 0.0001; women 1.001 +/- 0.122 vs 1.131 +/- 0.138 g/cm2, P < 0.001). Spine BMD was also reduced in hypopituitary patients compared to the young adult and age and weight matched reference data. Total body BMD was significantly lower in patients than in controls (men 1.186 +/- 0.102 vs 1.250 +/- 0.080 g/cm2, P < 0.05; women 1.080 +/- 0.077 vs 1.149 +/- 0.073 g/cm2, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Hypopituitary adults on conventional therapy have abnormal body composition with increased fat content, reduced body water content and reduced bone mineral mass.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

The effects of prolonged growth hormone replacement on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in hypopituitary adults.

OBJECTIVE: Short-term GH replacement in hypopituitary adults increases bone turnover; data on the consequences of longer-term GH treatment are limited. We report on the effects of 12-18 months of GH replacement treatment with biosynthetic human GH on bone metabolism and bone mass in hypopituitary adults. DESIGN: Patients were studied before and after GH treatment for 12 months (n = 11) and 18 months (n = 27) respectively in an open trial. GH dose was 0.04 +/- 0.01 IU/kg daily. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma calcium, phosphate and intact PTH concentrations, 24-hour urinary calcium excretion, 3 markers of bone formation (total alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and procollagen 1 carboxy terminal peptide (P1CP)) and serum concentration of carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (ICTP), as a marker of bone resorption, were measured at 6-month intervals. Lumbar spine and total body bone mineral mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Small increases were observed in plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations at 12 months of GH therapy but the differences at 18 months were not statistically significant. Serum intact PTH concentration did not change. Plasma total alkaline phosphatase increased significantly on GH from 75 +/- 26 to 92 +/- 30 (P < 0.01) and 85 +/- 31 U/I (NS) at 12 and 18 months respectively. Serum osteocalcin increased from 6.5 +/- 3.7 to 15.7 +/- 6.2 (P < 0.0001) and 16.6 +/- 5.7 micrograms/I (P < 0.001) at 12 and 18 months respectively and P1CP increased significantly from 106.0 +/- 47.3 micrograms/I to 165.5 +/- 95.3 (P < 0.0001) and 177.2 +/- 72.2 micrograms/I (P < 0.01) at 12 and 18 months respectively. Plasma ICTP concentration increased also from 3.4 +/- 1.8 to 7.3 +/- 3.4 (P < 0.0001) and 7.0 +/- 2.7 micrograms/I (P < 0.003) at 12 and 18 months of GH therapy respectively. No significant change was observed in total body or lumbar spine bone mass, over the 18 months of GH treatment CONCLUSIONS: Replacement therapy with GH in hypopituitary adults for 6-18 months produced a sustained increase in bone turnover (both formation and resorption). Bone mass was maintained but did not increase over the study period.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1995

Comparative study of marbofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in the treatment of urinary tract infections in dogs.

One hundred and four dogs with clinical signs of urinary tract infection were selected by 15 practitioners in a multicentric, controlled and randomised study. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by urinalysis and imaging. Each dog received either marbofloxacin (2 mg/kg orally once daily or 4 mg/kg by subcutaneous injection every four days) or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid tablets (12.5 mg/kg twice daily) for 10 or 28 days, depending on the clinical diagnosis. Rectal temperature, general condition, appetite, urinary signs, defecation disorders and pain on abdominal palpation were monitored at each visit, the timetable depending on diagnosis: three urinalyses and at least three examinations per case were performed. Side effects were also thoroughly sought at each examination. Marbofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid both yielded good bacteriological cure rates (96.2 per cent versus 85.0 per cent, respectively) and clinical cure rates (83.3 per cent versus 69.7 per cent). Fewer relapses were observed in those dogs that received marbofloxacin. Few mild side effects were recorded with both products.

Administration, Oral↗