Biomedical subjects

E Theodorsson

Publications and source records attributed to E Theodorsson.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1998

Development of systemic lupus erythematosus in mice is associated with alteration of neuropeptide concentrations in inflamed kidneys and immunoregulatory organs.

In the present study we used a well-characterised model of murine lupus, the female NZB/W hybrid, to study the possible involvement of neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Analysis of neuropeptides with a possible role in inflammation showed that substance P (SP) calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are present in increased quantities in the inflamed kidneys of SLE mice, confirming their involvement in local inflammation, while there is a general reduction in the peptide concentrations in the lymphoid organs of lupus mice, except for NPY. Our results suggest that the altered neuropeptide concentrations observed in the SLE lymphoid organs may be partly responsible for the altered immune response and contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Decreased concentrations of CGRP in Leishmania major murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The expression of the sensory neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the skin, secondary lymphoid organs and dorsal root ganglia (L4-L6) in Leishmania major-induced inflammation was evaluated by radioimmunoassay. The investigation was conducted on two mouse strains, the susceptible BALB/c and the resistant C57BL/6. The CGRP concentration in the inflamed skin of both mouse strains was decreased as early as 1 week postinfection, compared to controls. A further reduction was observed in both mouse strains throughout the 9-week study period, but was more evident in the susceptible strain. The CGRP concentration was increased in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (L4-L6) of mice of the resistant strain 1 week postinfection, while no change was observed in the susceptible strain. In the remaining part of the study period there was a reduction in CGRP in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia of both mouse strains. In the spleen, a reduction was noted in the infected BALB/c at all measurement times (significant at 6 and 9 weeks), while no change was observed in C57BL/6 strain. These findings may indicate a regulatory function of CGRP in the pathophysiology of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis and hence in the disease outcome. The reduction in CGRP might also explain the defective nociception observed in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The influence of sensory stimulation (acupuncture) on the release of neuropeptides in the saliva of healthy subjects.

In recent studies we have shown that xerostomia (dry mouth) can be treated successfully with sensory stimulation (acupuncture). The increase of saliva secretion lasted often for at least one year. Some neuropeptides have been found to influence the secretion of saliva. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms behind the effect of acupuncture on salivary secretion by measuring the release of neuropeptides in saliva under the influence of sensory stimulation. VIP-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI), NPY-LI, SP-LI, CGRP-LI and NKA-LI were analysed in the saliva of eight healthy subjects. Manual acupuncture and acupuncture with low-frequency electrical stimulation (2 Hz) were used. The saliva was collected during 20 minutes before the start of acupuncture stimulation, then during 20 minutes while the needles were in situ and then for another 20 minutes after the needles were removed. Four different saliva sampling techniques were used: whole resting saliva, whole saliva stimulated by paraffin-chewing, whole saliva stimulated by citric acid (1%), and parotid saliva, also stimulated with citric acid (1%). The results showed significant increases in the release of CGRP, NPY and VIP both during and after acupuncture stimulation, especially in connection with electro-acupuncture. SP showed only few increases, mainly in connection with electro-acupuncture, whereas NKA generally was unaffected by the acupuncture stimulation. The sensory stimulation-induced increase in the release of CGRP, NPY and VIP in the saliva could be an indication of their role in the improvement of salivary flow rates in xerostomic patients who had been treated with acupuncture.

Acupuncture Therapy↗

PubMed1998

Opioids modulate the calcitonin gene-related peptide8-37-mediated hindpaw withdrawal latency increase in thermally injured rats.

The present study was performed to explore the modulatory potential of different endogenous opioid systems on transmission of presumed nociceptive information at the spinal cord level in thermally injured rats. Thermal injury was performed by dipping the left paw into water 60 degrees C for 20 s. This induced a significant bilateral decrease in hindpaw withdrawal latency HWL to pressure. Intrathecal administration of 10 nmol of CGRP8-37 induced a significant bilateral increase in HWL in the thermally injured group and in the intact controls. The effect of different opioid receptor antagonists on the increased latency to withdrawal response induced by intrathecal injection of 10 nmol of CGRP8-37 was explored in the thermally injured rats. The effect was reversed by intrathecal injection of 40 and 80 nmol of: b-funaltrexamine (mu opioid receptor antagonist) and naltrindole (delta opioid receptor antagonist), but not by norbinaltorphimine (kappa opioid receptor antagonist). The results of the present study show that intrathecal CGRP8-37 increases hindpaw withdrawal latency in thermally injured rats, an effect reduced by a mu as well as by a delta opioid receptor antagonist.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Increased concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in rat brain and peripheral tissue after ischaemia: correlation to flap survival.

The effects of experimentally induced ischaemia after free-flap surgery on concentrations of neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurokinin A (NKA), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) were studied in flap tissue and in different regions of the rat brain (striatum, hippocampus, pituitary, hypothalamus, frontal and occipital cortex). Ten days after the operation, CGRP-LI and NKA-LI were decreased in the ischaemic tissue but increased in the surrounding tissue. In the brain, CGRP-LI was increased in five of six regions analysed, with the exception of the striatum. SP-LI and NKA-LI were increased in the pituitary and hippocampus, but decreased in other brain regions. Changes of CGRP-LI in the brain correlated positively with the CGRP-LI concentrations in the surrounding flap tissue and the CGRP-LI concentrations in the ischaemic flap tissue with the extent of flap survival. The results of the present study suggest that higher concentrations of CGRP-LI are related to tissue survival and that endogenous CGRP has a regulatory effect in ischaemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Sensory stimulation (acupuncture) increases the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the saliva of xerostomia sufferers.

We have shown in earlier studies that xerostomia can be treated successfully with acupuncture. We also found that acupuncture stimulation can increase the concentration of neuropeptides in the saliva of healthy subjects. In this study, the concentration of the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was measured in the saliva of xerostomic patients in connection with acupuncture treatment (AP). Patients suffering from xerostomia caused by irradiation treatment, Sjögren's syndrome and other systemic disorders had been treated with acupuncture. Some of these patients showed an increase of their salivary flow rates after the AP was completed. Seventeen patients out of 65 were chosen due to their ability to produce enough saliva for the radio immunoassay (RIA) analyses to be conducted prior to the start of AP. VIP-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI) was measured in the chewing stimulated saliva of these patients before and after the whole AP (24 sessions of 30 min each). The results showed that there was a significant increase of the concentration of VIP after the AP as compared to the measurements made before the start of the treatment (p<0.05). We concluded that the increase of neuropeptide VIP might be one of the mechanisms behind the positive effect of acupuncture on the salivary flow rates of the xerostomic patients.

Acupuncture Therapy↗

PubMed1998

Is neuropeptide Y a contributor to volume-induced hypertension?

Hypertension often occurs with fluid overload. The most common mechanism is considered to be mediated by increased cardiac output. Hemodialysis (HD) patients frequently have large amounts of fluid overload. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is activated by stress and contributes to hypertension and heart failure. We speculated that NPY may be released by the stress of fluid overload and, by its vasoconstrictor effect, may contribute to hypertension and heart failure. Plasma levels of NPY and other vasoconstrictors were studied in 20 HD patients with varying degrees of fluid overload, and the relationship of NPY plasma levels to blood pressure was analyzed. The plasma concentrations of NPY correlated with the degree of fluid overload (r = 0.89; P < 0.0001) and the mean arterial blood pressure (r = 0.85; P < 0.0001). Seven patients had fluid overload of greater than 6% of body weight. They had higher blood pressures and higher plasma concentrations of NPY than 13 HD patients with less than 5% of fluid retention (systolic blood pressure, 179+/-8.2 v 145+/-3.7 mm Hg, P = 0.007; NPY, 61+/-4.6 v 26.8+/-2.7 pmol/L, P < 0.001). In stepwise multiple regression analysis, NPY alone explained blood pressure elevation when analyzed with fluid overload and angiotensin II, renin, noradrenaline, and adrenaline levels. We hypothesized that fluid overload in dialysis patients is a stress-inducing state that activates the sympathetic nervous system and releases the vasoconstrictor NPY. The resulting inappropriate vasoconstriction may contribute to volume-induced hypertension and heart failure in a vicious cycle. We conclude that determination of plasma NPY levels may be useful as a marker of the clinical threat of overhydration.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Neuropeptide Y, neurokinin A and neurotensin in brain regions of Fawn Hooded "depressed", Wistar, and Sprague Dawley rats. Effects of electroconvulsive stimuli.

1. Concentrations of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, neurokinin A (NKA)- and neurotensin (NT)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) were measured in brain tissues of Fawn Hooded (FH) (a model of depression), Wistar (W) (control for depression) and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (control for strain) with the aim to explore possible associations between neuropeptides and models of depression. 2. In addition, peptides were determined after six electroconvulsive stimuli (ECS) or six sham ECS ("baseline") in order to investigate ECS mechanisms of action. 3. Baseline NPY-LI concentrations were markedly lower in the hippocampus of the "depressed" FH compared to the W and SD animals. 4. Baseline NKA-LI concentrations were higher in the occipital cortex and NT-LI concentrations in the occipital cortex, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus of the FH and W compared to the SD rats. 5. ECS increased NPY-LI in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and occipital cortex of all three strains. In the hippocampus, the increase was significantly larger in the FH compared to the W and SD rats. ECS also increased NKA-LI in the hippocampus. 6. In contrast, ECS decreased NT-LI in the occipital cortex of the FH and W animals. 7. The results indicate that NPY may play a role in depression and that changes in NPY and NKA probably constitute one of the mechanisms of ECT action. More speculatively, NT may also be involved in depression.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Changes in dietary fatty acids alter phospholipid fatty acid composition in selected regions of rat brain.

1. Eighty rats were randomized into four groups receiving one of the following diets: rat chow containing (1) 6% soybean oil, (2) 6% primrose oil, (3) 6% fish oil, (4) a combination of 4.5% primrose and 1.5% fish oil. 2. Following two months of each regimen, the rats were sacrificed by microwave irradiation and the brain's fatty acid composition was analysed with gas chromatography for each of the following regions: frontal cortex, striatum, occipital cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and pituitary. 3. Linoleic acid was decreased by both primrose and fish oil supplementations. The fish oil substitution resulted in a significant elevation of 20:3n-6, a decrease of 22:4n-6 and a non-significant decrease of 20:4n-6, probably reflecting inhibition of delta-5-desaturation. At the same time the fish oil diet significantly elevated 22:5n-3 while 22:5n-6 was decreased. 4. The primrose oil diet lowered the n-3/n-6 ratio in all regions except in the cerebellum. In contrast, the fish oil diet elevated the n-3/n-6 ratio in all regions. 5. The results demonstrate that changes in dietary fat composition can alter the fatty acid composition of the adult rat brain and that these effects are region specific. 6. This is of interest since metabolites of essential fatty acids may be involved in physiological and pathological processes in the brain and it has been hypothesized that dietary intake of fats may influence the outcome of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Contribution of the sensory and sympathetic nervous system to scalding-induced edema in the rat paw.

It has recently been hypothesized that both the sensory and sympathetic nervous system contribute to the inflammatory reaction. A scalding model was developed in anaesthetized rats to investigate the contribution of neuropeptides in heat-induced edema localized to the hindpaw. After immersing the paw in water at 60 degrees C for 10, 20, 30 and 60 s, edemic reactions were registered as change of paw volume in a plethysmograph and hindpaw perfusates collected to measure the content of neuropeptides by radioimmunoassay. A scalding period of 30 s induced the most prominent edemic reaction. There was a marked increase of the sensory neuropeptide neurokinin A and the sympathetic related transmitter neuropeptide Y in hindpaw perfusates after scalding. The effect of peripheral nerve ligation on edemic reaction and on the release of neuropeptides was investigated in rats scalded for 30 s at 60 degrees C. There was a significant decrease of edema formation in the scalded nerve ligated paw as compared with the scalded paw on the non-ligated side. Neurokinin A was not detected in nerve ligated rats before or after scalding, whereas mononeuropathic rats showed increased concentrations of neuropeptide Y. The present results indicate that the sensory as well as the sympathetic nervous system, possibly through the release of neuropeptides, may contribute to scald-induced edema.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Distal small bowel hormones: correlation with fasting antroduodenal motility and gastric emptying.

The aim of the present study was to study the interdigestive motor complex (MMC), distal small intestinal hormones, and gastric emptying in normal-weight and obese subjects before and after jejunoileal bypass (JIB). Therefore, fasting antroduodenal motility, gastric emptying, and RIA for motilin (MOT), neurotensin (NT), peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was performed in nine obese subjects before (BMI 42 +/- 4 kg/m2) and nine months after (BMI 31 +/- 4) JIB, and in two groups of nine age- and sex-matched controls (BMI 23 +/- 1 and 21 +/- 1). The rate of gastric emptying was faster in obese subjects and GLP-1 lower compared to normal-weight controls. After JIB, fewer phase III of the MMC were observed; fasting levels of PYY were elevated during the MMC; postprandial levels of NT, PYY, and GLP-1 were elevated; and gastric emptying was delayed. Our results suggest that there may be an association between an impaired GLP-1 response after food intake and obesity, and after JIB, PYY seems to regulate interdigestive motility while GLP-1 may regulate early gastric emptying.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

An experimental model of tennis elbow in rats: a study of the contribution of the nervous system.

The contribution of the sensory and autonomic nervous system to experimentally induced tennis elbow or lateral epicondylalgia was investigated by analyses of the release of neuropeptides from sensory (substance P, SP, neurokinin A, NKA, calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP) and sympathetic (neuropeptide Y, NPY) nerves. SP, CGRP, NKA, NPY-like immunoreactivity (-LI) was studied in rats cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma and perfusates (PF) from the enthesis of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) of the right elbow at 2, 6 and 24 h following 0.01 ml injection of either complete Freund adjuvans (FA) or 2% Carrageenan (CAR). The control group was injected with 0.01 ml saline. In general the changes of neuropeptide-LI in the CSF and plasma were similar for both treated groups compared with the controls, but they were more pronounced in the FA group than the CAR. SP-, NKA-, CGRP- and NPY-LI were significantly increased to a similar degree in the perfusates of the ECRBs of the treated groups with a greater increase in SP-LI in the FA than the CAR group compared with controls. When comparing the neuropeptide-LI in the CSF, plasma and PF between the 2 treated groups, there were thus few differences found. Generally a unilateral injection with either FA or CAR into the rat ECRB induced a similar alteration in the concentration of SP-, NKA-, CGRP- and NPY-LI in the CSF, plasma and PF at 2, 6 and 24 h following injection. However, the most pronounced changes in neuropeptide-LI occurred locally in the elbow ECRBs PF in both treated groups.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Unilateral injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) induces bilateral oedema formation and release of CGRP-like immunoreactivity in the rat hindpaw.

The contribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) to bilateral oedema formation in the rat hindpaw following an unilateral challenge with CGRP was investigated. Rats were injected into the left hindpaw with either saline, CGRP or a CGRP antagonist (CGRP8-37). All injections were given in a double blind fashion and in a volume of 100 microl. CGRP and CGRP8-37 were administered in concentrations of 75, 150 or 300 pmol. Volumes of the right and left hindpaw were measured every hour for 5 h by plethysmometry. Injection of CGRP 300 pmol into the left hindpaw resulted in a bilaterally increased hindpaw volume after 5 h as compared with the groups given saline. No changes were found in hindpaw volumes following the injection of either 75 or 150 pmol of CGRP or 75, 150 or 300 pmol of CGRP8-37 as compared with saline injection. To elucidate whether or not the bilateral oedema formation was related to a release of endogenous CGRP, microdialysis of the contralateral hindpaw was carried out, and concentrations of CGRP-like immunoreactivity (-LI) were determined by radioimmunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography. Injection of CGRP 300 pmol into the left hindpaw increased the release of CGRP-LI into the right hindpaw perfusate after 4 and 5 h. No changes in CGRP-LI were detected in the right hindpaw perfusate following challenge with saline or CGRP8-37. To study the contribution of the nervous system to the contralateral release of CGRP-LI, sciatic nerve ligated and intact sham-operated rats were used. Sciatic nerve ligation but not sham-operation on the non-injected side abolished the increased release of CGRP-LI following contralateral administration of CGRP 300 pmol. To study the spinal cord mechanisms resulting in the bilateral oedema formation following unilateral challenge with 300 pmol of CGRP, intrathecal pretreatment with either 10 nmol bicuculline (GABA(A) receptor antagonist) or 10 nmol CGRP8-37 was carried out. Bicuculline but not CGRP8-37 abolished the bilateral oedema formation induced by CGRP 300 pmol. In order to study the mechanisms by which administration of CGRP 300 pmol induces oedema, CGRP 300 pmol was administered concomitantly with either 300 pmol of CGRP8-37 (CGRP receptor antagonist), or 3 nmol of promethazine (H1 receptor antagonist), or 3 nmol of s(-)-propranolol (5-HT1 receptor antagonist), or 3 nmol of cyproheptadine (5-HT2 receptor antagonist) or 3 nmol of ICS 205-930 (5-HT3 receptor antagonist). Oedema formation was measured at 1, 5, 7 and 24 h. Injection of CGRP 300 pmol into the left hindpaw induced a bilateral oedema formation which was still significant at 24 h. Concomitant administration of either CGRP8-37, ICS 205-920 or cyproheptadine blocked the oedema formation at 24 h. No effect on oedema formation was found when CGRP 300 pmol was co-administered with either promethazine or s(-)-propranolol (H1 and 5-HT1 receptor antagonists, respectively). The results of the present study show that both the nervous system and local inflammatory processes contribute to bilateral hindpaw oedema formation following unilateral challenge with CGRP 300 pmol. Our results indicate that endogenous release of CGRP following inflammatory response may play an important role in inducing oedema formation.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Intraduodenal neuropeptide levels, but not plasma levels, vary in a cyclic fashion with the migrating motor complex.

The neurohormonal control of the migrating motor complex (MMC) is not fully understood. The hypothesis of the present study was that neuropeptide levels might vary with the different phases of the MMC and that a similar variation might be found in the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, plasma and intraduodenal concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) were determined by radioimmunoassay every 10 min during two complete MMC cycles in eight male subjects. For comparison, plasma motilin (MOT) concentrations were measured. Plasma concentrations of MOT (mean peak value +/- SEM; 39 +/- 6 pmol L-1), but none of the neuropeptides studied, showed a cyclic variation in plasma with the different phases of the MMC. Peak intraduodenal concentrations of VIP (79 +/- 23 pmol L-1), SOM (2437 +/- 432 pmol L-1) and SP (718 +/- 326 pmol L-1) occurred at or at the time point before the onset of phase III of the MMC. No such correlation was observed for NKA. These results demonstrate that intraduodenal but not plasma concentrations of the neuropeptides VIP, SOM and SP show an association with phase III of the MMC. The biological relevance of this finding is yet unclear, but the results raise the possibility that gut neuropeptides may regulate fasting motility through a luminal release.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effects of physical activity and acupuncture on calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in different parts of the rat brain and in cerebrospinal fluid, serum and urine.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a very potent vasodilator in the nervous system, and may be involved in hot flushes experienced by most women around menopause. Flushing post-menopausal women had higher urinary excretion of CGRP before than after successful treatment of their flushes with acupuncture. The prevalence of vasomotor symptoms is lower in physically active women. In a rat model we therefore intended to assess whether acupuncture and exercise affected CGRP concentrations in different parts of the brain and peripherally. The aim of the study was to elucidate the short- and long-term effects of exercise and acupuncture on CGRP concentrations in the nervous system of normal adult rats. In a rat model, we examined the effects of single interventions and long-term treatment with physical exercise and manual or electro-acupuncture on CGRP concentrations in urine, cerebrospinal fluid and serum and different parts of the brain. In all compartments studied, but significantly only in the cerebrospinal fluid, CGRP increased after a single session of physical exercise or electro-acupuncture. Manual acupuncture did not change CGRP concentrations in any compartment. Rats had the highest concentrations of CGRP in the pituitary and hypothalamus but the concentrations did not differ significantly between control rats and those subjected to long-term treatment with manual or electro-acupuncture or running rats. Rats treated with electro-acupuncture had twice the CGRP concentration in the frontal cortex compared to control rats, albeit the difference did not reach statistical significance. Evidently manual and electro-acupuncture have different effects, whereas electro-acupuncture and physical exercise have more similar effects on CGRP production and/or release. To elucidate the role of CGRP in vasomotor symptoms, further studies with older flushing rats should be performed.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗

PubMed1998

Presence of cortisol in gingival crevicular fluid. A pilot study.

Cortisol is one of the primary mediators of the stress response, in the main having immunosuppressive effects. An important component of the host response in periodontal inflammation is gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), with constituents mainly derived from serum. Cortisol, like many other steroids, is present in saliva but its occurrence in GCF does not seem to be documented. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and GCF was sampled on filter disks. The samples were analysed by a modified RIA method for serum in such a way that small volumes and low concentrations could be measured. Our findings suggest that the total concentration of cortisol in GCF might be estimated to levels below 1/10 of that in serum. However, what appears as a distinctive feature is the considerable variation of the cortisol concentrations for individual teeth. To our knowledge, this is the first time cortisol has been measured in gingival crevicular fluid, and this opens the prospects for further in vivo research.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Nociceptive inhibition of migrating myoelectric complex by nitric oxide and monoaminergic pathways in the rat.

This study investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) and adrenergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in reflex inhibition of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) after intraperitoneal administration of acid in rats. Acid instilled immediately after an activity front inhibited the migrating complex and prolonged the cycle length from 13.0 +/- 0.7 to 98.5 +/- 17.2 min (P < 0.001). Administration of N omega-nitro-L-arginine, reserpine, or guanetidine before acid decreased the prolonged cycle length to 18.1 +/- 2.8 (P < 0.001), 19.0 +/- 2.0 (P < 0.001), and 27.5 +/- 9.3 min (P < 0.001), respectively. Similarly, haloperidol given before acid shortened the prolonged cycle length to 46.7 +/- 5.2 min (P < 0.05). There was no effect of phentolamine in combination with propranolol or hexamethonium given alone. After intraperitoneal instillation of acid there was an increase in the plasma levels of somatostatin and a decrease of calcitonin gene-related peptide, but there was no change of neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, neurokinin A, or neurotensin. The results indicate that NO and adrenergic, dopaminergic, and somatostatinergic mechanisms cooperate in inhibiting the MMC after nociceptive stimulation of the peritoneum.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Importance of small bowel peptides for the improved glucose metabolism 20 years after jejunoileal bypass for obesity.

BACKGROUND: Obese patients operated with jejunoileal bypass (JIB) have reduced plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose. Gastric inhibitory peptide/glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have been found to have a profound incretin effect in humans. The aim of the present study was to examine the long-term effect of JIB on glucose metabolism. METHODS: Four groups (lean, nonoperated obese, obese 9 months after JIB and obese 20 years after JIB) of six females each were given a mixed meal (280 kcal). Plasma samples were obtained every 10 min for 60 min postprandially and were analyzed for glucose, insulin, GIP and GLP-1. RESULTS: A reduction in body mass index (kg/m2) was seen for the two patient groups operated with JIB (12.1, at 9 months post-op; 13.1, at 20 years post-op). Surgery by JIB resulted in a reduction of glucose and insulin values. Concomitantly there was an elevation of postprandial GIP and GLP-1 plasma concentrations. In the obese subjects 20 years after JIB both fasting and postprandial GIP and GLP-1 values were markedly elevated compared with the other three groups; and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were maintained at normal levels. CONCLUSIONS: The improvement in glucose metabolism seen after JIB may be due to reduced insulin resistance after weight loss and/or increased levels of the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1. Progressively, elevated levels of GIP and GLP-1 seem to be necessary to maintain glucose homeostasis at long-term follow-up after this procedure.

Adult↗