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Biomedical subjects

E Taylor

Publications and source records attributed to E Taylor.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Sex-dependent local cellular immunity to alloantigens.

A local component of cellular immunity was detected in mice that had been immunized against histocompatibility antigens. The status of this local immunity was determined using a node-onto-kidney (NOK) assay in which lymph nodes draining the site of immunization as well as distant (nondraining) lymph nodes of the immunized mice were grafted onto the kidneys of mice of the immunizing strain. In this assay, the weight gained by each node piece was taken as a measure of its immunological responsiveness. The responsiveness of a draining lymph node was directly compared with that of a distant node after both had been grafted onto the same host kidney. We consistently found that the draining lymph nodes of immunized male mice were more responsive than their distant nodes, whereas the draining lymph nodes of immunized female mice were less responsive than their distant nodes. Male mice were converted to the female pattern of hyporesponsiveness in the draining nodes by performing bilateral orchidectomy, suggesting that the male pattern depends upon the presence of testicular hormones. Additional studies showed there was a significant reduction in the reactivity of uterine draining lymph nodes during both syngeneic and allogeneic pregnancy, raising the possibility that the female pattern of hyporesponsiveness facilitates fetal survival by reducing the maternal immune response to fetal antigens and alloantigens during pregnancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Conduct disorder and hyperactivity: I. Separation of hyperactivity and antisocial conduct in British child psychiatric patients.

The distinction between hyperactivity and conduct disorder was explored in a mixed group of 64 children referred to psychiatric clinics because of antisocial or disruptive behaviour. A semi-structured interview measure (the Parental Account of Children's Symptoms, PACS) proved to have adequate inter-rater reliability, internal consistency and factorial validity. The PACS scales of defiance and hyperactivity, and similar subscales from Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, were tested against laboratory and clinical measures of activity, attention, cognitive performance, psychosocial background and family relationships. The hyperactivity (but not the defiance) scales were associated with greater activity, younger age, poorer cognitive performance and abnormalities on a developmental neurological examination. The defiance (but not the hyperactivity) scales were associated with impairment of family relationships and adverse social factors. It was concluded that a dimension of inattentive, restless activity should be separated from one of antisocial, defiant conduct in children with psychiatric disorder.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1986

Conduct disorder and hyperactivity: II. A cluster analytic approach to the identification of a behavioural syndrome.

Sixty boys, aged from 6 to 10 years, were studied after their referral to psychiatric clinics for antisocial or disruptive behaviour. Their scores on reliable measures of hyperactivity, defiant behaviour, emotional disorder and attention deficit were taken for the home, school and clinic settings; and subjected to two techniques of cluster analysis. Both gave a similar set of clusters, one of which had high scores on all measures of hyperactivity and attention deficit. Membership of this cluster was associated with a lower IQ, a younger age of problem onset and referral, an abnormal neurological examination, a history of developmental delay, smaller family size, poor peer relationships and a high rate of accidental injuries; and it predicted a good response to stimulant medication in a controlled trial. Other research on the classification of hyperactivity is discussed, and proposals are made for the criteria of a rather narrow definition of 'hyperkinetic conduct disorder'.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1986

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase of sheep adipose tissue: problems of the assay and adaptation during fetal development.

The rate of fatty acid synthesis of perirenal adipose tissue of fetal lambs decreased by 90% during the last month of gestation. There was also a 90% decrease in the activity of fatty acid synthetase during this period, but the activity of this enzyme exceeded lipogenic flux by a factor of 10. The activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase in the active state (initial activity) was very similar to the lipogenic flux in adipose tissue from lambs at 120 d of gestation; although activity decreased towards term, the decline was insufficient to account for the fall in rate of fatty acid synthesis. The study also shows that assay of acetyl CoA carboxylase in the active state of ovine adipose tissue and of caprine mammary gland requires the presence of citrate, thus differing from that for rat adipose tissue. Evidence that pyruvate carboxylase can interfere in the assay of acetyl CoA carboxylase also is presented.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed1985

Successful parenteral penicillin therapy of established Lyme arthritis.

In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial carried out from 1980 to 1982, 20 patients with established Lyme arthritis were assigned treatment with 2.4 million U of intramuscular benzathine penicillin weekly for three weeks (total, 7.2 million U) and 20 patients received saline. Seven of the 20 penicillin-treated patients (35 per cent) had complete resolution of arthritis soon after the injections and have remained well during a mean follow-up period of 33 months. In contrast, all 20 patients given placebo continued to have attacks of arthritis (P less than 0.02). In 1983, of 20 patients treated with intravenous penicillin G, 20 million U a day for 10 days, 11 (55 per cent) had complete resolution of arthritis and have remained well since. As compared with nonresponders, penicillin-responsive patients in both studies were more likely to have previously received antibiotics for erythema chronicum migrans (P less than 0.02) and less likely to have been given intraarticular corticosteroids during or at the conclusion of parenteral therapy (P less than 0.1). The Lyme spirochete was not cultured from synovium or joint fluid. We conclude that established Lyme arthritis can often be treated successfully with parenteral penicillin. However, neither of the regimens that we tested is uniformly effective, and further experience will be needed to determine the optimal course of therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Subcellular localization of a membrane-associated transglutaminase activity in rat liver.

Fractionation of rat liver by homogenization and differential centrifugation revealed that only about 83% of the transglutaminase activity in the tissue is in a soluble form, and that the remainder is associated with the particulate fraction. This latter activity remained with the membranes even after they were extensively washed to remove 99% of such soluble enzymes as lactate dehydrogenase and aldolase. Subsequent fractionation of the membranes by isopycnic density gradient centrifugation in sucrose resulted in a single band of transglutaminase activity at a density of 1.194 g/cm3. This activity was coincident with the major band of plasma membranes, which was identified by its content of 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase activities. After treatment with digitonin and fractionation on sucrose gradients, the transglutaminase activity and the plasma membrane marker enzyme activities were found at a new density of 1.210 g/cm3, while the enzyme markers for the other membrane fractions remained unchanged. From these data, we conclude that approximately 17% of the transglutaminase activity in rat liver is specifically associated with the plasma membranes.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1985

Fatty acid synthesis from amino acids in sheep adipose tissue.

The rates of incorporation of 14C from 14C labelled acetate, glucose, alanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine into fatty acids has been measured in perirenal adipose tissue from foetal lambs and 8-month-old sheep, and into both fatty acids and acylglycerol glycerol in adipose tissue from 3-year-old sheep and 220-240 g female rats. Rates of incorporation of 14C from amino acids into fatty acids were much lower in adipose tissue from sheep (at all three ages) than from rats, whereas rates of incorporation of 14C into acylglycerol glycerol were either greater in sheep adipose tissue or the same as in rat adipose tissue. The rate of incorporation of 14C from amino acids into fatty acids decreased in the order leucine greater than alanine greater than isoleucine greater than valine in adipose tissue from rats and foetal lambs, and in the order leucine greater than alanine = isoleucine greater than valine in adipose tissue from 8-month- and 3-year-old sheep. Amino acids make a very small contribution to fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue from sheep at all stages of development examined while fatty acids are a minor product of amino acid metabolism in sheep adipose tissue. The study provides further evidence for an important role for ATP-citrate lyase in restricting the utilization of acetyl-CoA generated in the mitochondria for fatty acid synthesis.

Acetates↗
PubMed1985

Effect of hydration on experimentally induced cerebral edema.

Although fluid restriction is often used to manage cerebral edema, there have been no controlled studies which demonstrate its benefit. We evaluated the effects of dehydration and overhydration on the development of cerebral edema in rats subjected to triethyltin poisoning or anoxic ischemia. Four days after triethyltin poisoning, the brains of control rats receiving maintenance hydration had a mean percentage of water of 79.56%; dehydration (5% of body weight) and overhydration groups were not statistically different at 79.95% and 79.86%, respectively. Forty-seven hours after an anoxic-ischemic insult consisting of unilateral carotid artery ligation and subsequent exposure to a 4% oxygen atmosphere for 30 min, the percentage of water in control rats was 79.12%; dehydration (13% of body weight) and overhydration groups were 79.10% and 79.16%, respectively. Histopathologic analysis of brain sections did not differentiate the hydration groups (triethyltin model only). Thus, cerebral edema was not altered by hydration status in either poisoned or ischemic animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Insulin binding and action on bovine adipocytes.

The present study was undertaken to determine whether bovine adipocytes could bind and respond to insulin. Adipose tissue from young bulls showed little response to physiological and higher concentrations of insulin over a 3-h incubation. In contrast, insulin did stimulate glucose uptake during prolonged incubations and also increased the activity of pyruvate kinase; in each case, half-maximum stimulation was observed with concentrations of about 0.5 ng/ml. Specific binding of [125I] iodoinsulin to bovine adipocytes was observed; the binding capacity was greater than that of young female rats determined under the same conditions. Bovine adipocytes internalized insulin. Incubation of bovine adipocytes with insulin resulted in a concentration-dependent loss of insulin receptors from the adipocyte surface. In summary, bovine adipocytes possess the capacity to both bind and respond to insulin; these findings are discussed in relation to a recent report to the contrary.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Immunoenzymetric assay for creatine kinase MB with subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies compared with an immunochemical method and electrophoresis.

Results of an immunoenzymetric assay (TANDEM-E CKMB) for creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) MB isoenzyme, in which subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies are used, were compared with those by an immunochemical method (Isomune-CK) and electrophoresis (Corning agarose gel). The study involved 200 patients; greater than 500 samples were analyzed by all three methods. The analytical performances were acceptable. Between-method correlation coefficients ranged from 0.881 to 0.975. Two reference intervals were established for the immunoassays: 0-4 micrograms/L (TANDEM) and 0-4 U/L (Isomune) for "normal" patients; 0-9 micrograms/L (TANDEM) and 0-14 U/L (Isomune) for noninfarct patients. Agreement with respect to increased CK-MB as defined by the reference intervals for the noninfarct patient was 96% between TANDEM and electrophoresis, 90% between Isomune and electrophoresis. All three methods are acceptable for use in determining CK-MB, but the overall diagnostic efficiencies for the mass or activity concentration of the isoenzyme and for its proportion of total CK activity, based on the predictive value model, are 92% (electrophoresis, 0-7 U/L), 90% (electrophoresis, 0-4%), 92% (TANDEM, 0-9 micrograms/L), 88% (TANDEM, 0-3% index), 88% (Isomune, 0-14 U/L), and 83% (Isomune, 0-4%). All three methods can detect CK-MB in serum, but its presence is not necessarily diagnostic of acute infarct. We recommend using the actual concentration of CK-MB to evaluate patients with suspected acute myocardial infarct, and the percentage of CK-MB when total CK is very high.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1984

Hyperactive behavior in English schoolchildren: a questionnaire survey.

The differences in apparent prevalence of childhood hyperactivity between England and North America are more than 20-fold. This paper seeks to illuminate the reasons for the difference by applying a standard measure [Conners Teacher Rating Scale] to 437 English schoolchildren, aged 6 to 9 years, and comparing them with published surveys from the United States and Australasia. The rating scale had moderate interrater reliability and stability over time; it distinguished between children referred for psychiatric treatment and normal schoolchildren. Component analysis yielded a factor of hyperactivity-inattentiveness, distinct from conduct disorder. The mean hyperactivity scores of English children were higher than in most U.S. surveys but lower than in New Zealand. The national differences in rates of diagnosed hyperactivity are likely to reflect diagnostic inconsistency rather than true differences in children's behavior.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1983

Adenosine and the control of lipolysis in rat adipocytes during pregnancy and lactation.

The rate of noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis is lower in fat-cells from lactating than from pregnant rats; this difference is eliminated by the addition of adenosine deaminase [Aitchison, Clegg & Vernon (1982) Biochem. J. 202, 243-247]. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase, and hence the capacity of the cells to synthesize adenosine, was the same in fat-cells and also stromal cells of adipose tissue from pregnant, lactating and male rats. The response and sensitivity of fat-cells to the anti-lipolytic effects of adenosine were measured by incubating cells in the presence of noradrenaline, adenosine deaminase (to remove endogenous adenosine) and various concentrations of the adenosine analogue N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA). PIA caused a greater inhibition of the rate of noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes from lactating than from pregnant rats. The concentration of PIA required to inhibit by 50% the rate of noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis fell from over 100 nM for fat-cells from pregnant rats to 30 nM for fat-cells from lactating rats. The decreased rate of noradrenaline-stimulated lipolysis during lactation was not due to the smaller mean cell volume of adipocytes during this state.

5'-Nucleotidase↗