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Biomedical subjects

E Tarlov

Publications and source records attributed to E Tarlov.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Programmed cell death in the absence of c-Fos and c-Jun.

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a normal process in the development of a variety of embryonic and adult tissues, and is also observed in several pathological conditions. Several recent studies, using both expression and functional assays, have implicated the transcription factor, AP-1, in the regulation of programmed cell death, and specifically implicate the genes c-fos and c-jun, as well as some other family members. If the products of the c-fos and/or c-jun genes are essential components in the cascade of events that leads to programmed cell death in mammalian cells, it follows that cell death would not occur in mice lacking functional copies of these genes. We have made use of null mutations in the c-fos and c-jun genes that were produced by gene targeting (Johnson, R.S., Spiegelman, B.M. and Papaioannou, V.E. (1992). Cell 71, 577-586; Johnson, R.S., Van Lingen, B., Papaioannou, V.E. and Spiegelman, B.M. (1993). Genes Dev. 7, 1309-1317) to investigate this possibility. Cell death was assayed using an in situ apoptosis assay in c-fos null embryos and adults, c-jun null embryos, and c-fos/c-jun double null embryos compared with control mice. The occurrence of cell death in c-fos null mice was also assessed in two experimental conditions that normally lead to neuronal cell death. The first was unilateral section of the sciatic nerve in neonates, which leads to the death of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord on the operated side. The second was a genetic cross combining the weaver mutation, which causes death of cerebellar granule cells, with the c-fos mutation. Our results show that programmed cell death occurs normally in developing embryonic tissues and adult thymus and ovary, regardless of the absence of a functional c-fos gene. Furthermore, absence of c-fos had no effect on neuronal cell death in the spinal cord following sciatic nerve section, or in heterozygous weavers' cerebellae. Finally, the results show that programmed cell death can take place in embryos lacking both Fos and Jun.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Total one-stage suboccipital microsurgical removal of acoustic neuromas of all sizes: with emphasis on arachnoid planes and on saving the facial nerve.

Clinical suspicion is essential for early diagnosis of acoustic neuroma. No absolutely characteristic pattern of hearing loss occurs, and atypical presentations are the rule. The diagnosis of acoustic neuroma is possible by tests that can be performed on an outpatient basis. A hearing loss for high tones with impaired speech discrimination is frequently seen. Testing of the acoustic reflexes and particularly the brain stem auditory-evoked responses (BAER) are becoming the most reliable methods of defining hearing loss in patients suspected of having an acoustic neuroma. High-resolution, thin-sectioning, overlapping-cut CT scanning including CT pneumography when necessary and polytomography of the internal auditory meatus are the mainstays of radiologic evaluation. Complete removal of the tumor at one operation is usually possible by the suboccipital retromastoid route with preservation or restoration of normal brain stem function and preservation of facial nerve function. Preservation of hearing has occasionally been accomplished, and the potential occasionally exists for restoration of hearing in patients with favorable smaller tumors, which have not acquired extensive arterial supply in common with the cochlea. The two factors that most influence results are early diagnosis and gentleness of surgical manipulation of the tissues that is made possible by magnification and illumination with the operating microscope.

Arachnoid↗
PubMed1980

Percutaneous and open microsurgical techniques for relief of refractory tic douloureux.

In the younger patient with trigeminal neuralgia refractory to medical treatment, microsurgical operation is warranted. If a truly significant compressive artery is found in relation to the posterior root, microvascular decompression is carried out. If no convincing evidence of a compressive vascular lesion is found at operation, the posterior root is partially sectioned. Most patients with tic douloureux are elderly and in these, and in all patients who prefer a minor procedure, I favor the simple low morbidity percutaneous radiofrequency technique. In these days of informed consent, patients should preoperatively be made aware of the advantages of both kinds of operations and participate in choosing the procedure which best suits the individual's health and preferences.

Electrocoagulation↗
PubMed1980

Microcystic variant of meningioma: a light-microscopic and ultrastructural study.

Meningiomas occasionally show small areas in which the cells are stellate with slender processes surrounding microscopic spaces, giving a lace-like appearance to the tissue. In the case of a 52-year-old woman with a tumor rising from the falx, virtually the entire tumor was composed of lacy reticulated tissue. Most of the tumor cells had processes that stained blue with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin, suggesting the appearance of a glioma. However, electron microscopy showed that the extracellular space was extensive, and the tumor cells had long cytoplasmic processes which formed interdigitations with one another. Desmosomes were numerous. The immunoperoxidase method for glial fibrillary acidic protein gave negative results. On the basis of these histologic features, we suggest that this tumor was a microcystic variant of meningioma.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage is most frequently caused by rupture of an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. Early clinical diagnosis is important to avert fatal hemorrhage. Surgical treatment should be carried out in patients in good neurologic condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Retained intracranial metallic foreign bodies. Report of two cases.

The authors discuss two examples of extensive migration of retained metallic foreign bodies. The potential for further neurological injury from migration, formation of neurotoxic breakdown products, and the danger of infection are factors to be assessed when considering the removal of retained intracranial metallic foreign bodies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Studies of suspected neurotransmitters in the vestibuloocular pathways.

Isolated fresh cat trochlear and oculomotor nuclei, which contain the axon terminals of inhibitory neurons whose cell bodies are in the superior vestibular nucleus (SVN), actively synthesize and store [3H]GABA, [14C]acetylcholine, [3H]dopamine and [3H]tyramine from labeled precursors of these compounds. Twelve to 14 days following lesions of the ipsilateral superior vestibular nucleus or its efferent pathway to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei, at a time when there is extensive degeneration of superior vestibular nucleus axon terminals in these nuclei, the synthesis and storage of GABA in the ipsilateral trochlear nucleus is markedly reduced compared to that in the contralateral trochlear nucleus; the synthesis of acetylcholine, dopamine and tyramine is not measurably affected. The oculomotor nuclei, which unlike the trochlear nuclei receive a heavy bilateral projection from the SVN, show no asymmetric decrease after SVN lesions in their ability to synthesize any of the compounds tested. The data support the identity of GABA as an inhibitory transmitter in the superior vestibular nucleus-trochlear nucleus pathway.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1970

On the problem of the pathology of spasmodic torticollis in man.

Those regions which have been implicated by experimental and clinical neuropathological studies in the pathogenesis of spasmodic torticollis were examined in detail in the present patient and no histological abnormalities found. In the light of marked species differences in the effects of certain brain lesions on posture and the findings reported here, the pathogenesis of spasmodic torticollis in man may well be different from its pathogenesis in experimental animals.

Aged↗