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Biomedical subjects

E Sturt

Publications and source records attributed to E Sturt.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

The domain of life events: a comparison of two techniques of description.

This paper compares the coverage of potential life events by the inventory developed by Tennant & Andrews (1976) and the post hoc designation originated by Brown (1974). It was found that the rubric of the inventory failed to describe 5% of 'marked' events and 21% of 'moderate' events. The relative risk of minor psychiatric disorder in response to events was 3.1 for those defined by the Brown technique and 1.4 for those using the inventory. The results suggests that the post hoc designation is superior. This superiority must be weighed against its undoubted costliness.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Misfortune and resilience: a community study of women.

A community survey of psychiatric disorder carried out in South London enabled the authors to investigate the 'vulnerability model' proposed by Brown & Harris (1978). In the current study none of the 'vulnerability factors' proposed by Brown & Harris fulfilled the requirements of the model. It was, however, found that working class women with children seemed particularly prone to develop minor psychiatric disorder in response to adversity. A similar result is apparent in the analyses of the earlier authors. A number of studies now published give some support to the vulnerability model using what are broadly measures of social support, but there is little corroboration using the other variables proposed by Brown & Harris.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Community care in Camberwell. A two-year follow-up of a cohort of long-term users.

A census was taken of all patients in psychiatric hostels and homes, psychiatric day care, and short-term in-patient care who also had at least one year's history of contact with services. During the following two years, 61% of the patients stayed continuously in day or residential care, while 17% were discharged from care within the first year and made no further use of day or residential services. Two main patterns of contact were evident-repeated short-term in-patient care or longer-term care in services outside hospital. Their most important determinant was whether a viable marriage still existed for the patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Mortality in a cohort of long-term users of community psychiatric services.

A cohort of 181 users of community psychiatric services in Camberwell with at least one year's history of contact was traced for two years following a census day. Four of the eight patients who had been given a primary diagnosis of an organic condition died during this period. For the others the population-standardized mortality risk was 2.4, similar to rates previously found for in-patients with acute disorders. The causes of death were those that are common in the population. Only one suicide was recorded.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The study of depressive disorders using the PSE-ID-CATEGO system.

The PSE-CATEGO-ID system and its approach to the sub-classification of depression is described. The principle of sub-classification partly corresponds to the empirical relationships between symptoms on affective disorder. Comparison of CATEGO and DSM III demonstrates that major differences of classification can arise because of differences of the classificatory algorithm even though similar lists of symptoms are used. Empirical studies of the PSE-CATEGORO-ID system are described and their importance in providing evidence for a rational choice between classificatory system is emphasised.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1981

Hierarchical patterns in the distribution of psychiatric symptoms.

The occurrence of hierarchical patterns in the incidence of psychiatric symptoms in individual patients and community subjects is investigated. Data obtained from interviewing a sample of people from the population of Camberwell, south-east London, using the Present State Examination (PSE), were analysed as were similar data concerning three series of patients referred to different kinds of psychiatric service. The population series showed that each of the common PSE symptoms tends to occur in association with other symptoms. Symptoms that are rarer in the general population are associated with the presence of many other symptoms or with other symptoms present to a severe degree. The rarer the symptom, the higher is the total symptom score indicated by its presence. The more indicative symptoms are also associated with a measure of social disability derived from the MRC Social Performance Schedule, which asks about serious problems in functioning in each of 8 role areas. The implication of this study is that total symptom score is a valid measure of the current severity of the disorder. The hierarchy model of Foulds & Bedford (1975) is discussed and is shown to be a more specific formulation of the same idea. Investigation of the referred series confirmed these conclusions. When compared with community subjects, patients tend to have a much higher total PSE score; they display symptoms which are very rare in the community; they tend to be disabled socially. However, they are less likely to fulfil the requirements of a specific formulation for the presence of minor symptoms. In particular, only about half of psychotic subjects display specific neurotic symptoms, although virtually every subject with 'specific' symptoms of some sort displayed non-specific neurotic symptoms.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1981

Epidemiology of mental disorders in Camberwell.

A two-stage psychiatric survey of a random samples of adults aged 18-64 from Camberwell is described. Agency interviewers carried out the first stage (N = 800), using the shorter form of the Present State Examination (PSE). MRC interviewers, using the full PSE, saw a stratified sample of these (N = 310) in the second stage. A second interview was sought with all those of Index of Definition (ID) level 5 and above at the first interview ("cases") and with random sample of those below that level 20.9% refused or were never available for the first interview. Of the 800 subjects successfully interviewed, 10% refused a further interview and 124% of those finally selected for this interview were either unavailable or changed their minds. The MRC data, weighted to represent the whole sample, are used in our analyses. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder as defined in our study was calculated at 6.1% for men and 14.9% for women. Women showed a higher prevalence of disorder in the age-groups 25-34 and 45-54, but in men there was no significant association with age. In contrast to the findings of Brown & Harris (1978), social class did not have a strong association with disorder. Single men had much higher rates than married men, while the reverse was true in women. In both sexes employment was associated with lower rates of disorder. An attempt to explain the high prevalence in women in terms of their role in marriage and child-care was only partly successful.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The Present State Examination used by interviewers from a survey agency: report from the MRC Camberwell Community Survey.

A random sample of 800 men and women between the ages of 18 and 64 living in Camberwell, south-east London, were interviewed using a short form of the Present State Examination (PSE). The interviewers were from a professional Agency and had received a shortened version of the usual PSE training course. A further interview was sought one month later with all subjects who were above the threshold on the Index of Definition, and a sample of those below the threshold. At this interview the full PSE was administered by members of the MRC Social Psychiatry Unit. Forty-nine audiotapes of Agency interviews were available for the members of the MRC team to rate. This paper reports the reliability between interviewers. Techniques of comparison were chosen which enabled interviewer reliability to be assessed, without making the assumption that individual subjects would display the same symptom levels over a period of one month. There is strong evidence that at least 2 of the 8 Agency interviewers had thresholds that were lower than those of the MRC team for rating many of the common minor symptoms such as irritability, also the key symptom of depressed mood. At least 4 of the Agency interviewers, however, were rating in a similar manner to the MRC team. There was no marked tendency for thresholds to change over the 6-month period of interviewing.

England↗
PubMed1976

The peak of the likelihood curve in linkage testing.

It is often suggested that when z-scores are used for linkage estimation, a maximum z-score of 3 (or maximum antilod score, M = 1000) is good evidence for the presence of linkage. It is pointed out that a better formula, applicable if nothing more is known about the loci concerned, would be that the probability that linkage is present is roughly 1--4/Msigma, whereas sigma is the standard error, i.e. square root(2-3 X downward curvature of z curve at peak). A consideration of typical cases suggests that a value M = 1000 would imply something like a 90% chance of linkage. It would seem simpler to use the formula, probability of linkage approximately to 1--H/20, where H is the average height of the antilod curve.

Genetic Linkage↗
PubMed1976

A mapping function for human chromosomes.

The available simple mapping functions are surveyed, and a new mapping function that provides for positive interference within chromosome arms and no interference across the centromere is proposed, together with the corresponding formula for centromeric linkage. This new function is derived by assuming that all chromosome arms except the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes hav an obligatory chiasma, and that the remaining chiasmata are distributed at random; assumptions which may correspond reasonably well to reality. A method for the comparison of the goodness of fit of mapping functions with family data is given. Low levels of interference seem to be indicated, although as yet insufficient human data is available to allow interference to the specified. Interference has a considerable effect on the estimation of map distances between loci from 3-point lod scores as is shown by the linkage group Rh, UMPK, PGM1, Amy, 1qh, Fy, on chromosome 1.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1976

The relationship between chromatid interference and the mapping function.

A formula for a general mapping function involving only the number of chiasmata between two points on the chromosome and the average excess of four-stranded double exchanges over two-stranded double exchanges is derived. A formula is also given for deriving the proportion of three-stranded double exchanges after any given number of chiasmata; this is related to mapping for linkage with the centromere. It is shown that this proportion tends to a limit of 2/3 after a large number of chiasmata, whether or not chromatid interference is operating.

Chromatids↗
PubMed1975

The use of lod scores for the determination of the order of loci on a chromosome.

A method is given for calculating the probabilities of the possible gene orders for a group of syntenic loci using lod scores calculated for each pair of loci in the group. Applying it, we find the most probable gene order for the five loci on chromosome 1 to be PGM1; Rh; PGD; PEP-C; Fy. However, the probabilities for other orders such that Rh lies between PGM1 and PGD with PEP-C and Fy outside these three are of a similar order of magnitude and no firm conclusions can be given. The probability for other possible orders is negligible.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of linkage and association for diseases of genetic aetiology.

This presentation attempts to clarify certain caveats that apply to the use of linkage analysis when the genetics of one of the characters is not completely known. The effects of linkage and association can be difficult to distinguish both within pedigrees and across the general population. Linkage analysis methods are not robust to departures from the assumptions of the model. These assumptions do not allow for the possibility that association may be present which is due to both genetic systems having an effect on one of the phenotypes. Analysis directed towards detecting the presence of such association may be affected by stratification when unrelated individuals are analysed and is confounded by linkage if this is present when related individuals are analysed. Testing for and estimating linkage simultaneously with association using whole pedigree data is advocated and an outline of the required approach is given.

Chromosome Mapping↗