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E Single

Publications and source records attributed to E Single.

34 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

A comparison of alternative measures of alcohol consumption in the Canadian National Survey of alcohol and drug use.

Based on the results of the 1989 National Alcohol and Drug Survey in Canada, this paper compares alternative measures of alcohol consumption. Utilizing questions developed by Walter Clark, the volume of drinking in a variety of social situations is described. The results are presented in terms of aggregate consumption and the proportion of total consumption which occurs in different situations. It is found that anchoring self-reported alcohol use in specific social contexts results in higher estimated consumption than the more commonly used quantity/frequency questions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The role of alcohol providers in prevention: an evaluation of a server intervention programme.

Server intervention is a relatively new approach in the attempt to reduce the incidence of drinking and driving. Although a number of evaluations have suggested that the approach may be effective, there have been few comprehensive evaluations of such programmes. The present study utilized process evaluation techniques to assess reactions to a programme developed by the Addiction Research Foundation, and a quasi-experimental design to determine the impact of the programme on the serving practices of servers. Actors portrayed behaviours often faced by servers, and observers rated the reactions of the servers, who were unaware of the simulations, to these situations. The programme appears to have been effective in changing behaviour, in that trained servers exhibited less inappropriate responses than did untrained servers. In addition the results suggested that the programme increased servers' knowledge about their obligations and potential strategies for dealing with these situations. The implications of these findings for future implementations of such programmes are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1993

The interaction between policy and research in the implementation of server training.

This paper describes the relationship between research and policy in the development of server training policy in Ontario. With the emergence of civil liability for the conduct of intoxicated patrons, there has been a growing movement toward the training of managers and servers in licensed establishment in the responsible service of alcohol. As part of a major government reform of alcohol regulations which has led to a new Liquor Licence Act, all persons who serve alcohol in licensed establishments in Ontario will be required to attend a server training course. The process leading to new alcohol regulations in Ontario is summarized with particular attention to the implementation of mandatory server training. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of research in policy development. It is argued that the role of research in policy making is limited by an inherent conflict between the nature of scientific enquiry and the exigencies of policy development.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1993

Drinking in various settings as it relates to demographic variables and level of consumption: findings from a national survey in Canada.

Based on a large-scale 1989 national survey in Canada, the extent of drinking in different social settings is estimated. Home consumption accounts for the greatest share of total drinking. while drinking in licensed establishments accounts for approximately one-fourth of consumption. This estimate is externally validated against scales data. The set of questions on drinking venues produces estimates of individual's alcohol consumption which have higher coverage rates than the more commonly used quantity-frequency or recent occasion approaches. The distribution of total drinking in different settings is strongly related to demographic variables and individual level of consumption. In particular, drinking in bars and taverns is related to higher levels of drinking and self-reported drinking problems. The proportion of drinking in different venues is not strongly related to drinking problems, once demographic variables and individual consumption patterns are taken into account. This does not mean that drinking venue is not a significant factor in the development of problems--it may be via its impact on consumption level and heavy drinking occasions that drinking venue relates to drinking problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Recent developments in alcoholism:public drinking.

Drinking in bars and other public establishments has been a relatively neglected subject of research, despite its epidemiological significance. This chapter briefly summarizes the findings of observational studies in bars and taverns, as well as general population surveys on the correlates of tavern patronage. Recent developments in the control of public drinking are described. It is argued that greater attention should be placed on prevention programs that focus on drinking environments. In particular, the emergence of server intervention programs represents a promising new mechanism for the prevention of impaired driving and other alcohol-related problems.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Legislating responsible alcohol service: an inside view of the new Liquor Licence Act of Ontario.

The Ontario Government has recently passed a new Liquor Licence Act, based on the recommendations of a special advisory committee. This paper describes how the advisory committee framed the issues and arrived at a lengthy document detailing 73 recommendations on issues such as licence classification, the control of special permit functions, days and hours of operation, legal drinking age, alcohol advertising, the civil liabilities of alcohol providers and server training. The key actors and considerations are discussed, as well as the subsequent Cabinet action on the report and the implementation process currently underway. The paper concludes with an assessment from both an administrative and a public health perspective, with particular attention to the limited role which research played in these policy decisions.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1990

Preventing alcohol problems: survey of Canadian medical schools.

In preparation for a national conference on medical education in the prevention of alcohol problems, a survey of conference participants was conducted. Participants were undergraduate and postgraduate representatives from each Canadian medical school and representatives from 11 provincial and territorial alcohol and other drug agencies. There was agreement that physicians and medical schools have important roles in prevention and treatment of alcohol problems, with "traditional" medical roles seen as the most important. Current training is variable and was seen as inadequate, with more time devoted to treatment than prevention. To correct this situation, renewed priorities and faculty leadership are needed. Respondents felt that there should be uniform standards for assessing undergraduate students' skills in dealing with alcohol problems. Provincial alcohol and other drug agencies are underused in medical education in the prevention and treatment of alcohol problems.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1976

The epidemiology of drug use among New York State high school students: Distribution, trends, and change in rates of use.

A two-wave panel survey was carried out on a representative sample of New York State public secondary school students in fall 1971 and spring 1972. The majority of adolsecents have drunk beer or wine (82 per cent) smoked cigarettes (72 per cent) or used hard liquor (65 per cent). Better than one third (35 per cent) report the use of one or more illegal drugs. The illicit drugs most frequently used are marijuana (29 per cent) and hashish (21 per cent). About one in eight adolescents have used pills such as amphetamines and barbiturates, and about one in 12 have tried LSD or other psychedelics. Four per cent have used cocaine and 3 per cent heroin. Use of illicit drugs tends to be experimental and sporadic rather than regular. By contrast, about one in four regularly use beer or wine or smoke cigarettes. Self-reported rates of use increase over the course of a school year, and there is considerable turnover with respect to which adolescents are users. The increased number of hard liquor and marijuana users through the high school years results predominantly from more stability among users, rather than increased conversion of nonusers to users over the teen years.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low-risk drinking guidelines: the scientific evidence.

In 1997 the Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario and Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse released updated guidelines for low-risk alcohol consumption. This paper presents the scientific rationale behind this statement. Important comprehensive overviews on the consequences of alcohol use were studied. Formal meta-analyses on morbidity and mortality were examined wherever possible. Individual elements from similar guidelines were investigated for their scientific foundation. Limited original analyses defined risk levels by average weekly consumption. The evidence reviewed demonstrated that placing limits on both daily intake and cumulative intake over the typical week is justifiable for the prevention of important causes of morbidity and mortality. Gender-specific limits on weekly consumption were also indicated. In these updated guidelines intended for primary prevention, days of abstinence are not necessarily recommended. Intoxication should be avoided and abstinence is sometimes advisable. Available evidence does not strongly favour one alcoholic beverage over another for cardiovascular health benefits.

Adult↗