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Biomedical subjects

E Scherer

Publications and source records attributed to E Scherer.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

The combined modality approach in the treatment of inoperable small-cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung.

The combined modality approach with combination chemotherapy ("Comb" or "BACO") and radiotherapy was used in a pilot study comprising 35 evaluable patients with inoperable small-cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. Treatment strategy was based on prior assessment of prognostic factors such as histology, performance status and extent of disease. Median survival time was 39.8 weeks for "COMB" treated patients and 21.2 weeks for "BACO" treated patients. Although the combined modality approach has been very helpful against a variety of human cancers it should be used with caution since not all combination chemotherapy regimens are compatible with radiotherapy. Mechanisms of interactions between cytostatic agents and X-rays are discussed with regard to enhanced tumor cell kill and possible toxic side effects.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1977

[Radiotherapy].

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Humans↗
PubMed1977

[Integrated chemotherapy and radiotherapy of inoperable bronchial carcinoma: preliminary results in 50 cases (author's transl)].

Fifty patients with inoperable bronchial carcinoma were treated with a combined schedule of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and vincristine. In those cases with locally/regionally confined tumour spread this was followed - after three chemotherapy cycles - by radiotherapy to mediastinum, hilar region and tumour of 3000 rad focal dose. Remission was achieved in 25 of 27 patients with small-cell carcinoma: full clinical remission in 12, part remission in 13. Mean duration of the (in most instances still continuing) remission has so far been 4 + months. Mean survival time is, of course, not yet calculable. Only a few patients had to be admitted to hospital for short periods because of toxic reactions. Four full and 11 part remission (some still continuing) have so far been achieved in the group of larger-cell carcinoma (squamous cell, 4; large cells, 5; anaplastic, medium-large, undifferentiated or polymorph, 14).

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed1977

Multi-hit kinetics of tumor formation, with special reference to experimental liver and human lung carcinogenesis and some gneral conclusions.

On the basis of the multi-hit concept of cancer formation, the relationships between tumor incidence and dose and time of administration of carcinogen have been analyzed. Simple mathematics have been used, since the available data, in our opinion, hardly justify more sophisticated formularization. The exponential relationship between the cumulative tumor incidence and the dose and time of administration of carcinogen can be described as l(d,t) approximately dmtr. With use of Druckrey's formula, dtn=k, it was derived that the exponent of time, r, is equal to m-n, in which m is the power of the dose dependency of tumor formation [l(d) approximately dm measured at a fixed time] and n is the autonomous time factor featured in the former formula. The factor m is interpretable in terms of the number of discrete events (hits) required for tumor formation, whereas the factor n is mainly determined by the rate of proliferation of intermediate cell populations participating in the carcinogenic process. Since r and n can be experimentally determined, the formula allows the calculation of the exponent (m) of the dose dependency of tumor formation. Analysis of malignant liver tumor formation in the rat by continuous administration of diethylnitrosamine yeilded m = 7, from which it was concluded that seven hits were instrumental in the induction of these liver-cell tumors. Analysis of the formation of less malignant liver tumors after one pulse exposure to the same carcinogen suggested that the process was initiated by at most two concomitant hits in a liver cell and brought to completion by three spontaneous events (changes). The view was advanced that tumor formation in general may result from hits inflicted by the carcinogen applied and from "background" hits (i.e., spontaneous changes and/or hits by carcinogenic stimuli from the environment or present endogenously) and that the relative contribution of these two types of hits to the end effect may depend on dose level and potency of the carcinogen under consideration. It was pointed out that the direct measurement of the dose-response relation (l(d) approximately dm) yields only the number of hits contributed by the carcinogen applied anose rate is low or very low, the contribution of background process becomes significant, and these hits contribute to the power of time, r, of the incidence-time relation. Under these conditions, the formula m-n=r becomes (mex + mb)n=r, where mex and mb denote the number of hits scored by extrinsic carcinogen and background processes, respectively. It is argued that the epidemiological data on lung cancer caused by smoking [l(d) approximately d with respect to smoke dose, mex= 1; l(t) approximately t5 with respect to duration of smoking] are not compatible unless at least one additional background hit (mb greater than or equal to 1) is postulated...

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Radiation therapy of malignant melanoma (author's transl)].

In localized malignant melanoma, preoperative irradiation with fast electrons followed promptly by operation is recommended. With melanomas of the lower extremities additional endolymphatic radiotheraphy (32-P) is given. The present authors results with 139 patients are comparable with those presented by Edwards (London) and Ariel (New York). Cutaneous spread or lymph-node metastases should be excised widely and this should be followed by irradiation, fast electrons being preferable.

Electrons↗
PubMed1976

Radiation therapy of choroidal metastases from breast cancer.

Radiation therapy of 26 patients with choroidal metastases from breast cancer has been reviewed. At the time of initial diagnosis of choroidal metastases 13 patients had bilateral choroidal metastases. The median age of the patients was 54 years and the survival from the first symptom of choroidal metastases varied from 2 to 45 months with a median survival of 9.5 months. End results of radiation therapy had been recorded in 22 patients. Local radiation therapy improved vision permanently in 16 patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Radiation therapy of eyelid carcinomas].

Forty patients with histologically verified tumors of the eyelid, partly being pretreated surgically, were irradiated and reexamined. The irradiations were performed with an apparatus for surface therapy using soft rays. The radiation quality was between 55 and 100 kV, the dose between 3000 and 6000 rd. The single doses amounted to 300 or 400 rd. The rate of recurrences after primary irradiation of basaliomas was 5,5%, the rate of recovery 94,5%. The patients who underwent primary operation show a distinctly increased rate of recurrences. The percentage of complications was small, amounting to 8%. Primary irradiation is recommended for the treatment of stages T1 and T2 of eyelid tumors, the percentage of recovery being high and the number of complications small. Advanced stages ought to be treated according to the site and infiltration of the tumor either by the telecaesium apparatus under conditions of semi-deep therapy with use of a lead satellite for protection of the cristalline lens and with following soft-ray therapy, or by primary operation followed by radiation therapy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1976

Kinetics of induction and growth of enzyme-deficient islands involved in hepatocarcinogenesis.

A single application of various hepatocarcinogens to rats results in the formation of islands of enzyme-deficient liver cells, which are mainly irreversible and very probably represent the first cellular stage involved in the process of liver cancer formation. Comparison of the island-size distributions obtained for different carcinogens indicated that proliferation is a common property of islands that is independent of the inducing carcinogen and does not need any further presence of carcinogen or other stimulating factors. Toxic doses resulted in all cases in an enhanced island size. The number of islands induced by a single dose of carcinogen was enhanced by a prior partial hepatectomy only in the case of the dialkylnitrosamines, dimethylnitrosamine, and diethylnitrosamine. Dose-response relationships measured with diethylnitrosamine, the carcinogen with the lowest toxicity as compared with the carcinogenic action, indicated that island formation is due to a one-hit process, i.e., that one specific alteration in the target cell is responsible for the precancerous transformation. These kinetics and the low probability of transformation might indicate that the crucial hit is scored at the genetic level. The irreversible action of carcinogen (memory effect) and the influence of time on cancer formation (time effect) are discussed in terms of induction and proliferation of irreversible cell populations serving as precursor of the cancer cell. The number of specific alterations (hits) involved in the development of the malignant cancer cell is also briefly discussed.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1976

[Therapeutic problems in the radiotherapy of bladder tumors].

The indications of different radiation techniques are reviewed. Out of these, the interstitial therapy should be regarded more attentively in future, unless too large a tumor is present in the fixed part of the bladder. The spatial distribution of the dose during percutaneous megavoltage therapy depends on the tumor stage. Irradiation is not allowed to be confined to the bladder except in case of primary findings corresponding to T1-2N0, the tumor being confined to the mucous or to the internal muscular tunica respectively, the degree of its malignancy being low and transitional cells having been revealed histologically. In all other cases, irradiation has to encompass the whole small pelvis. The split-course-technique has proved its value. If available, ultrahard bremsstrahlung is to be preferred. For radiation therapy of small volumes, fast electrons should be tested also in future.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1976

[Extracorporeal blood irradiation using telecesium apparatus. II. Morphological studies in patients with chronic lymphadenosis].

The second communication of our experiences with extracorporeal blood irradiation comprises a systematical investigation of the conditions in blood picture and, in one case, of the morphological findings within lymph node punctures, during long-term treatment of two selected patients with a rather different course of the disease. One of the cases showed a typical pattern of chronic lymphadenosis which was to be influenced fairly well; the other case revealed an aggressive tendency with only a feeble response to extracorporeal blood irradiation. By means of toluidine blue staining, until now being used for the verification of nucleoli and their different shapes only in experimentations on animals, a good correlation of the nucleole analysis in the peripheral blood picture and in the lymph node biopsies with the clinical progress of the disease has been observed. Thus, this simple cytological method combined with customary clinical examinations may serve as a criterion for the judgement on the course of the disease and on the therapeutic success.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

[The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant bone tumors (author's transl)].

The role of radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy in the primary treatment of osteogenic sarcomas and of Ewing's sarcoma is reviewed. In osteosarcoma radiotherapy can take the form of prophylactic total irradiation of the lung, but preoperative irradiation of the primary tumor has not proved successful. On the other hand, in Ewing's sarcoma primary and local irradiation is the therapy of choice, and is followed by adjuvant polychemotherapy over a long period.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1975

Avoidance of fenitrothion by goldfish (Carassius auratus).

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) avoided water containing the pesticide fenitrothion. The response was graded over the tested concentration range of 5 orders of magnitude, with a threshold around 10 mug/1, equivalent to 3.5 times 10-minus 8 M.

Animals↗