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Biomedical subjects

E S Smith

Publications and source records attributed to E S Smith.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Observation of an exotic S = +1 baryon in exclusive photoproduction from the deuteron.

In an exclusive measurement of the reaction gammad-->K(+)K(-)pn, a narrow peak that can be attributed to an exotic baryon with strangeness S=+1 is seen in the K(+)n invariant mass spectrum. The peak is at 1.542+/-0.005 GeV/c(2) with a measured width of 0.021 GeV/c(2) FWHM, which is largely determined by experimental mass resolution. The statistical significance of the peak is (5.2+/-0.6)sigma. The mass and width of the observed peak are consistent with recent reports of a narrow S=+1 baryon by other experimental groups.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Demographics of aging and skin disease.

What are the dermatologic needs of aging and skin disease in the elderly in the new millennium? This question may be impossible to answer, but predictions may be derived from current sources of data. Data from the US Census Bureau and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey are used to characterize current use of dermatologic care in the aging population of the United States and to estimate possible future trends in dermatologic care as the elderly population continues to grow. Dermatologic accompaniments of aging are briefly reviewed, as are issues in health care financing.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Lethality-based selection of recombinant genes in mammalian cells: application to identifying tumor antigens.

Many biological processes result in either cell death or cessation of cell growth. However, plasmid- and retrovirus-based mammalian expression vectors in which it has been possible to construct representative cDNA libraries cannot be readily recovered from cells that are not actively dividing. This has limited the efficiency of selection of recombinant genes that mediate either lytic events or growth arrest. Examples include genes that encode the target antigens of cytotoxic T cells, genes that promote stem-cell differentiation and pro-apoptotic genes. We have successfully constructed representative cDNA libraries in a poxvirus-based vector that can be recovered from cells that have undergone lethality-based selection. This strategy has been applied to selection of a gene that encodes a cytotoxic T-cell target antigen common to several independently derived tumors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Polarization of Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific helper T-cell subsets by prior immunization with Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Antigen-specific T-cell clones were obtained from mice immunized with Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 and/or Porphyromonas gingivalis 381. 10 BALB/c mice per group were immunized with F. nucleatum followed by P. gingivalis, or with P. gingivalis alone by intraperitoneal injection of viable microorganisms. Spleen T cells were isolated and stimulated in vitro with viable P. gingivalis cells to establish P. gingivalis-specific T-cell clones. T-cell phenotypes and cytokine profiles were determined along with T-cell responsiveness to F. nucleatum or P. gingivalis. Serum immunoglobulin G antibody titers to F. nucleatum or P. gingivalis were also determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All the T-cell clones derived from mice immunized with F. nucleatum followed by P. gingivalis demonstrated Th2 subsets, while those from mice immunized with P. gingivalis alone demonstrated Th1 subsets based on the flow cytometric analysis and cytokine profiles. All T-cell clones from both groups were cross-reactive to both P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum antigens. Phenotypes of T-cell clones were all positive for CD4. Mean post-immune serum IgG antibody levels to F. nucleatum or P. gingivalis were significantly higher than the pre-immune levels (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences in the antibody titers between the two groups. It was concluded that P. gingivalis-specific T cells initially primed by cross-reactive F. nucleatum antigens were polarized to Th2 subset, while T cells stimulated with P. gingivalis alone maintained the profile of Th1 subset.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Nondermatologists are more likely than dermatologists to prescribe antifungal/corticosteroid products: an analysis of office visits for cutaneous fungal infections, 1990-1994.

BACKGROUND: Dermatologists have greater accuracy than nondermatologists for diagnosis of skin disease. However, it is not clear whether this affects medical outcome. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that nondermatologists would be more likely than dermatologists to prescribe combination products for the treatment of common fungal skin infections. METHODS: We analyzed office-based physician visits for fungal skin infections recorded in the 1990-1994 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. RESULTS: There were 4.1 million visits for cutaneous fungal disease of which 82% were to nondermatologists. Nondermatologists were more likely to prescribe combination agents (34.1%) than dermatologists (4.8%, p=0.001). If the percentage of combination agents used by nondermatologists was reduced to that of dermatologists, an estimated $24.9 million or $10.3 million would be saved if clotrimazole or ketoconazole, respectively, were the substituted drug for the combination agent clotrimazole/betamethasone dipropionate. CONCLUSION: Nondermatologists are more likely to use a more expensive, less effective regimen than are dermatologists, suggesting that dermatologists are more cost-effective than nondermatologists in the treatment of common fungal skin disorders.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

Characteristics of office-based visits for skin cancer. Dermatologists have more experience than other physicians in managing malignant and premalignant skin conditions.

BACKGROUND: Actinic keratoses and skin cancer constitute a major public health problem for predisposed individuals. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to determine the characteristics of office-based visits for actinic keratoses and skin cancer in the United States. METHODS: The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey provided data on office-based physician visits for actinic keratoses and skin cancer in 1993 and 1994. RESULTS: There were 3.7 million visits per year for actinic keratoses, 3.1 million visits per year for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and 430,000 visits per year for melanoma. Excisions and destructions of lesions accounted for 90%, 67%, and 62% of procedures for actinic keratoses, NMSC, and melanoma, respectively. Dermatologists (683), plastic surgeons (37), and general and family physicians (11) managed more visits per physician per year than other specialists. CONCLUSION: Dermatologists have significantly more experience managing skin cancer than do other physicians.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1993

Comparative evaluation of six rapid serological tests for HIV-1 antibody.

Six commercial rapid test kits for HIV-1 antibody were evaluated. Four laboratory technologists tested sera from four groups of U.S. military personnel or dependents: 202 subjects positive for HIV-1 antibody by Western blot, 200 seronegative voluntary blood donors, 199 seronegative obstetrics/gynecology patients, and 99 subjects with sera reactive by ELISA but negative by recombinant protein EIA and indeterminate by Western blot. The three tests using solid-phase immunoassay technology demonstrated the highest mean sensitivity (> 99%) and specificity (> 91%) for all groups tested, including sera indeterminate by Western blot. Two dot-immunoblot assays were less specific, possibly due to indistinct reaction end points, and a latex agglutination assay was also less specific because of difficulty distinguishing reactive results from the granular background. In an "ease-of-use" assessment, solid-phase capture immunoassays required less time and equipment and were easier to interpret than other testing methods. Solid-phase capture immunoassays for HIV-1 antibody may be suitable for use in emergency situations and in developing countries because they are highly sensitive and specific and are rapidly performed with minimal laboratory equipment.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1991

IgG subclass responses to human immunodeficiency virus-1 antigens: lack of IgG2 response to gp41 correlates with clinical manifestation of disease.

To analyze differential antibody responsiveness of potential pathogenetic significance, sera from 66 patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infections at various Walter Reed (WR) stages of the disease were analyzed to determine the subclass distribution of HIV antibodies. Although all IgG subclasses were involved in the HIV antibody response, the frequency was highest for IgG1 and the lowest for IgG4. When IgG subclass responses to different HIV antigens were compared qualitatively, IgG1 was the major subclass reactive with env, pol, and gag antigens; IgG2 and IgG3 were almost equally represented in response to gag gene products; and IgG4 showed minimal reactivity to p24 antigen in all HIV-infected patients regardless of their clinical presentation. In contrast, significantly lower levels of IgG2 anti-gp41 were observed in patients at WR 5 and 6 (5%) when compared to those at stage WR 1 and 2 (88%). The IgG2 response to a recombinant gp 120/41 antigen, however, remained unchanged, suggesting that the lack of IgG2 response may be associated with lack of responsiveness to the carbohydrate epitope on gp41. Indeed, parallel measurements of IgG antibody responses to group A carbohydrate were also lower in patients at WR 5 and 6 stages, without affecting antibody responses to polyribosyl ribitol phosphate and phosphocholine. As antibody responses to group A carbohydrate with its N-acetyl D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) determinant were lower at the WR 5 and 6 stage of HIV disease, GlcNAc may be one of the antigenic determinants on gp41 that plays a critical role in some of the pathologic events of HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

The case of Ohio v. Robinson. An 1870 bite mark case.

In 1870, Ansil L. Robinson was charged with the murder of his mistress, Mary Lunsford, in Mansfield, Ohio, U.S.A. Evidence against Robinson included an attempt to match his teeth to bite marks on the victim's arm. Robinson was acquitted after a 3-week trial despite the evidence linking his teeth to the wounds. This trial represents an early and perhaps the first attempt to admit bite-mark evidence in a court of law in the United States. The acquittal resulted in the obscurity that prevented this case from coming to the awareness of the forensic dental and legal communities sooner.

Bites and Stings↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation and treatment of patients with human bite marks.

Physicians and other health care workers who care for patients who have sustained human bite marks need a working protocol to ensure that these patients receive proper care. This protocol involves taking a thorough history and performing a physical examination, approximately determining the bite mark age, and administering proper therapy. The history will help to determine whether a criminal act has been committed and which agencies need to be notified. The American Board of Forensic Odontology published criteria for bite mark analysis in 1984 that included a description of the bite mark including its size, shape, and color, along with techniques for collection of evidence from both the victim and suspect. To determine bite mark age, tissue response to injury (inflammation, granulation tissue formation, and matrix formation and remodeling) is reviewed. Finally, the bacteria that are found in these wounds and the proper use of antimicrobial agents are expanded upon.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

Human bite marks. Differential diagnosis.

Human bite marks are common findings in cases of fights among children, child abuse, sexual abuse, among institutionalized persons, and in a number of homicide cases. Human bites can mimic annular or arciform dermatoses. These are reviewed from both a clinical and histologic viewpoint. An example is presented of a 2 year-old girl with several annular lesions that were clinically mistaken for a dermatophyte infection. Antifungal medications were ineffective. After several days, a dermatologist identified the lesions as human bites. Physicians and other health care workers must be able to differentiate the clinical appearance of bite marks from other dermatologic diseases at an early stage so as to initiate proper therapy and counseling and, if indicated, a search for the perpetrator.

Bites and Stings↗
PubMed1988

Isovolemic hemodilution in stroke. A study in gerbils.

Isovolemic hemodilution has been reported to increase cerebral perfusion in humans and has been advocated as a treatment for acute cerebral infarction. This study examines the effect of isovolemic hemodilution with low-molecular-weight dextran on mortality and the incidence of neurological deficit in gerbils after internal carotid ligation. Sixty-four Mongolian gerbils were anesthetized with pentobarbital and the left internal carotid artery was ligated in both control and experimental animals. In the experimental group, blood was removed and an equal volume of dextran was injected to reestablish normal blood volume and lower hematocrit to a mean of 30.5. Control animals were not so treated. Animals were observed for neurological deficits for 24 hours after carotid ligation. The incidence of neurological deficit in control animals was 67%; it was 64% in the experimental group. Mortality within the first 24 hours was 28% in the controls and 75% in animals that were treated by hemodilution (p less than 0.001). Isovolemic hemodilution with dextran did not reduce the incidence of neurological deficit after carotid ligation in gerbils and was associated with a significant increase in mortality during the first 24 hours.

Animals↗