Biomedical subjects

E S Anderson

Publications and source records attributed to E S Anderson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Participation of disadvantaged parents in child care research.

AIM: To assess the level to which parents from deprived and socially dysfunctional families collaborate in complex and time-consuming research. DESIGN: Home-based study, of early physiological development in infants from a severely deprived area. Overnight continuous recordings of deep-body temperature with twice daily urine collection, parental daily diary of life-events and completion of child care social and psychological assessment by interview questionnaire. Measurements taken between age 6-12 weeks, each lasted 8-12 h per night, averaging four nights per baby. Level of parental participation assessed in relation to ongoing lifestyle pressures. Setting Home based. Inner city deprived estate. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of mothers with newborn healthy infants. MEASUREMENTS: A total of 87 overnight deep body temperature recordings were made on 22 infants each lasting 8-12 h; 174 urine samples were taken; and 22 sets of questionnaires were completed. RESULTS: Of 62 inner city deprived parents, 39 (62%) agreed to participate. 22 (35%) completed the study. Ongoing lifestyle pressures were high including incidents of burglary, fire and family violence. Family and partner pressures and life crises overwhelmed 10 non-participations. CONCLUSIONS: Research partnerships can be developed with underprivileged families facing severe life-events. Parents were highly motivated to complete what they perceived as important infant care research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Child care decisions: parental choice or chance?

AIM: A study of the context of child care decision making by inner city and suburban mothers, using parents to help develop and administer a semi-structured questionnaire. METHODS: A total of 131 mothers were interviewed (73 inner city and 58 suburban) at home. RESULTS: Inner city mothers were more likely to bottle feed, smoke and adopt risky infant sleeping positions, for example the settee. Virtually all babies (98%) were fully vaccinated and placed prone (95%) to sleep at night. Inner city mothers smoked (71%) despite the known health risks and continued postnatally (55%), mainly as a means of relieving stress. In total, 30% of inner city mothers wanted to breast feed; 19% had succeeded to 6-8 weeks postnatally. Bottle feeding helped both mother and baby to have uninterrupted nights of sleep. Suburban mothers (59%) succeeded in breast feeding, with others choosing bottle feeding mostly because of returning to work. The average weekly alcohol consumption, 32 units inner city and 15 units suburban, was taken in weekend binges by inner city parents, but in daily small amounts by suburban mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The well-being of the baby was the prime concern of all mothers, irrespective of social background. However, inner city mothers made rational decisions to smoke and bottle feed to reduce the impact of stress and allow the mother much needed respite for the good of the entire family.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

A computerized social cognitive intervention for nutrition behavior: direct and mediated effects on fat, fiber, fruits, and vegetables, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations among food shoppers.

This study examined the direct and mediated impact of a self-administered, computer-based intervention on nutrition behavior self-efficacy, and outcome expectations among supermarket food shoppers. The intervention, housed in kiosks in supermarkets and based on social cognitive theory, used tailored information and self-regulation strategies delivered in 15 brief weekly segments. The study sample (N = 277), stratified and randomly assigned to treatment or control, was 96% female, was 92% White, had a median annual income of about $35,000, and had a mean education of 14. 78 +/- 2.11 years. About 12% of the sample reported incomes of $20,000 or less, and about 20% reported 12 years or fewer of education. Analysis of covariance immediately after intervention and at a 4- to 6-month follow-up found that treatment led to improved levels of fat, fiber, and fruits and vegetables. Treatment also led to higher levels of nutrition-related self-efficacy, physical outcome expectations, and social outcome expectations. Logistic regression analysis determined that the treatment group was more likely than the control group to attain goals for fat, fiber, and fruits and vegetables at posttest and to attain goals for fat at follow-up. Latent variable structural equation analysis revealed self-efficacy and physical outcome expectations mediated treatment effects on nutrition. In addition, physical outcome expectations mediated the effect of self-efficacy on nutrition outcomes. Implications for future computer-based health promotion interventions are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effects of regular and slow speed resistance training on muscle strength.

BACKGROUND: The study assessed a way to increase the intensity and effectiveness of resistance training by comparing training with a slower repetition speed to training with a conventional repetition speed. Slower repetition speed may effectively increase intensity throughout the lifting phase while decreasing momentum. METHODS: Two studies were done with untrained men (N=65) and women (N=82), (mean age=53.6) who trained two to three times per week for eight to 10 weeks on a 13 exercise Nautilus circuit performing one set of each exercise. Participants exclusively trained using regular speed repetitions for 8 to 12 repetitions per set at 7 sec each (2 sec lifting, 1 sec pause, 4 sec lowering) or a Super Slow training protocol where they completed 4 to 6 repetitions per set at 14 sec each (10 sec lifting, 4 sec lowering). All of the participants were tested for either the 10 repetition-maximum (RM) weightload (regular-speed group) or the 5-RM weightload (slow-speed group). RESULTS: In both studies, Super-Slow training resulted in about a 50% greater increase (p<0.001) in strength for both men and women than regular speed training. In Study 1, the Super-Slow training group showed a mean increase of 12.0 kg and the regular speed group showed an increase of 8.0 kg increase (p<0.001). In Study 2, the Super-Slow training group showed a 10.9 kg increase and the regular speed group showed an increase of 7.1 kg (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Super-Slow training is an effective method for middle-aged and older adults to increase strength. Although studies still need to be done with at-risk populations, repetition speed should be considered when prescribing resistance training.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Oligodendrocytes have a key role in the development of CNS function and in myelin related diseases].

Oligodendrocytes provide CNS axons with myelin sheaths through processes of various lengths. The lipid-rich myelin insulates axons electrically, which increases conduction velocity. In addition, oligodendrocytes have trophic effects on axons. During development immature oligodendrocytes undergo controlled migration, proliferation and differentiation, influenced by various growth factors and axons. A number of genetically manipulated animal models have provided insights regarding myelination and the function of myelin components. Current research on myelin related diseases, i.e. multiple sclerosis, focus on novel strategies for remyelination through transplantation of myelinating cells or stimulation of endogenous oligodendrocytes.

Cell Differentiation↗

PubMed2000

Developing chicken oligodendrocytes express the type IV oligodendrocyte marker T4-O in situ, but not in vitro.

Accumulating data suggest that the oligodendrocyte population includes morphological and biochemical subtypes. We recently reported that a polyclonal antiserum against an unknown antigen, the T4-O molecule, labels a subpopulation of chicken oligodendrocytes, obviously representing the type IV variety of Del Rio Hortega. The present study examines the developmental expression of the T4-O molecule in situ and in vitro. The results show that T4-O immunoreactive cells first appear at E15 in the ventral funiculus. But, oligodendrocytes cultured in vitro with or without neurones do not develop a T4-O immunoreactivity. We conclude that oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord of chicken embryos first express the T4-O molecule some time after onset of myelination, and that the T4-O immunoreactive phenotype does not develop in vitro.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

Why commercial surrogate motherhood unethically commodifies women and children: reply to McLachlan and Swales.

McLachlan and Swales dispute my arguments against commercial surrogate motherhood. In reply, I argue that commercial surrogate contracts objectionably commodify children because they regard parental rights over children not as trusts, to be allocated in the best interests of the child, but as like property rights, to be allocated at the will of the parents. They also express disrespect for mothers, by compromising their inalienable right to act in the best interest of their children, when this interest calls for mothers to assert a custody right in their children.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Myelination of prospective large fibres in chicken ventral funiculus.

In mammals, the oligodendrocyte population includes morphological and molecular varieties. We reported previously that an antiserum against the T4-O molecule labels a subgroup of oligodendrocytes related to large myelinated axons in adult chicken white matter. We also reported that T4-O immunoreactive cells first appear in the developing ventral funiculus (VF) at embryonic day (E)15, subsequently increasing rapidly in number. Relevant fine structural data for comparison are not available in the literature. This prompted the present morphological analysis of developing and mature VF white matter in the chicken. The first axon-oligodendrocyte connections were seen at E10 and formation of compact myelin had started at E12. Between E12 and E15 the first myelinating oligodendrocytes attained a Schwann cell-like morphology. At hatching (E21) 60% of all VF axons were myelinated and in the adult this proportion had increased to 85%. The semilunar or polygonal oligodendrocytes associated with adult myelinated axons contained many organelles indicating a vivid metabolic activity. Domeshaped outbulgings with gap junction-like connections to astrocytic profiles were frequent. Oligodendrocytes surrounded by large myelinated axons and those surrounded by small myelinated axons were cytologically similar. But, thick and thin myelin sheaths had dissimilar periodicities and Marchi-positive myelinoid bodies occurred preferentially in relation to large myelinated axons. We conclude that early oligodendrocytes contact axons and form myelin well before the first expression of T4-O and that emergence of a T4-O immunoreactivity coincides in time with development of a Type IV phenotype. Our data also show that oligodendrocytes associated with thick axons are cytologically similar to cells related to thin axons. In addition, the development of chicken VF white matter was found to be similar to the development of mammalian white matter, except for the rapid time course.

Aging↗

PubMed2000

Social-cognitive determinants of nutrition behavior among supermarket food shoppers: a structural equation analysis.

A social-cognitive model of nutrition behavior (A. Bandura, 1997) was tested using structural equation modeling of data from 307 food shoppers recruited from 5 supermarkets in Southwest Virginia. The shoppers were participating in the baseline phase of an ongoing nutrition promotion program. As part of the evaluation, data were collected on the self-efficacy and outcome-expectations components of social-cognitive theory as well as on food purchases and intake. The structural analyses presented here support the social-cognitive model. Self-efficacy, physical outcome expectations, age, socioeconomic status, and number of children were important predictors of nutrition behavior among shoppers. Implications for interventions using social-cognitive variables to improve the nutritional content of food purchases and intake are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Molecular heterogeneity of oligodendrocytes in chicken white matter.

The classical studies by Del Rio Hortega (Mem. Real. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat. 14:40-122, 1928) suggest that the oligodendrocyte population includes four morphological subtypes. Recent data from the cat and the rat show that the anatomy of oligodendrocytes related to early myelinating prospective large fibers differs from that of oligodendrocytes related to late myelinating prospective small fibers. After application of a polyclonal antiserum to cryostat sections from the chicken CNS, we noted that glial cells in the spinal cord white matter had become labeled. Analysis of the occurrence and cellular localization of this immunoreactivity--the T4-O immunoreactivity--in the CNS of the adult chicken showed that T4-O immunoreactive cells are enriched in the ventral funiculus and superficially in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, where they are co-localized with large fibers. Double staining with T4-O antiserum and anti-GFAP or the lectin BSI-B4 revealed that T4-O immunoreactive cells are not astrocytes or microglia. Staining with anti-HSP108, a general marker for avian oligodendrocytes, showed that T4-O immunoreactivity defines an oligodendroglial subpopulation. A search for T4-O immunoreactivity in spinal cord white matter of some other vertebrates revealed that T4-O immunoreactive cells are not present in sections from fish, frog, turtle, rat, and rabbit spinal cord white matter. These results suggest the presence of a fiber size-related molecular heterogeneity among chicken white matter oligodendrocytes.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

HIV risk behaviors among women living in low-income, inner-city housing developments.

OBJECTIVES: This study describes the prevalence and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors among women living in low-income, inner-city housing developments. METHODS: Anonymous questionnaires were administered to 671 women living in 10 inner-city, low-income housing developments in five US cities to determine their levels of HIV risk behavior and predictors of HIV risk practices. RESULTS: Approximately one third of women were at high risk for HIV because of the risk behavior of their sexual partners. HIV risk was highest among women who accurately perceived themselves to be at increased HIV risk, held strong beliefs about barriers to condom use, and reported weak behavioral intentions to reduce risk. Women at higher risk were also younger and reported higher rates of alcohol and substance use. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevention efforts are needed for inner-city women. Interventions should focus on overcoming women's barriers to condom use, strengthening their intentions to change behaviors, and managing the risk related to their use of substances.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Efficacy of a home-based human immunodeficiency virus prevention video program for teens and parents.

Family-based communication about sexual behavior and sexuality is a predominate theme in the key risk reduction and service objectives for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and related issues in Healthy People 2000. These recommendations are particularly poignant for younger adolescents who are not yet sexually active and whose social orientation is primarily to family and parents. A family-centered, home-based, video program to foster parent and teen knowledge and communication regarding issues related to HIV prevention and to increase family and teen communication skills was used in an intensive field test of program efficacy. Sixty-nine families with at least one adolescent age 12 to 14 years were recruited through their primary-care physicians and were randomly assigned to either experimental (video with information and skills training) or control (video with information only) conditions in a pre-posttest with a 4-month follow-up design. Both versions of the video program resulted in substantial increases in HIV-related knowledge for parents and teens, but only the skill-training (experimental) version produced increases in knowledge of communication skills and behavioral demonstrations of family problem solving. Approaches for a broader and more effective parent-training video program and for dissemination through primary-care physicians are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Family/media approach to HIV prevention: results with a home-based, parent-teen video program.

We describe the first study with a home-based HIV prevention video program for parents and young teenagers. The objectives of the program are to inform parents and teenagers about the causes and prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, to increase family problem-solving skills, and to increase teen problem-solving and assertiveness skills. The objectives pertain to the goals of increasing skills needed to help teenagers avoid or manage high-risk behaviors and situations. Forty-five families with at least one 12- to 14-year-old were randomly assigned to either experimental (receive video program) or control (no video) conditions in a pretest-posttest design. After 6 months (Follow-Up 1), the experimental and control families were reassessed. The control families next received the video program, and the control families were assessed again (Follow-Up 2). The results indicate increases in parent and teen knowledge and skills only with video viewing. Approaches to improving the video program, particularly with teenagers, are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1991

Sleeping position and rectal temperature.

The effects of sleeping position upon body temperature were assessed by continuous monitoring of rectal temperature in 137 babies sleeping at home under conditions chosen by their parents. There were three groups of subjects: (1) normal babies aged 12-22 weeks whose temperature rhythms were developed, (2) normal babies aged 6-12 weeks who were developing their night time temperature rhythms, and (3) babies the night after diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus immunisation, whose temperature rhythms were disturbed. Sleeping in the prone position was not associated with higher rectal temperatures at any time of night in young babies, nor did it exaggerate the disturbance of rectal temperature rhythm after immunisation. In older normal babies the prone position did not disturb rectal temperature in the first part of the night, though prone sleepers warmed a little faster prior to walking, especially in warm conditions. Prone sleepers were, however, born earlier in gestation and tended to be of lower birth weight. Normal babies can therefore thermoregulate effectively whatever their sleeping posture, even in warm conditions, though the prone position may make it slightly more difficult to lose heat. It is difficult to see how the prone position, even interacting with warm conditions, could induce lethal hyperthermia in otherwise normal babies. Perhaps the prone position is associated with other risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome.

Bedding and Linens↗

PubMed1991

Extending the concept of social validity: behavior analysis for disease prevention and health promotion.

A broader definition of social validity is proposed wherein a socially valid behavior-change intervention is directed to a problem of verifiable importance, the intervention is valued and used appropriately by designated target groups, and the intervention as used has sufficient behavioral impact to substantially reduce the probability of the problem's occurrence in target populations. The verifiable importance of a problem is based on epidemiological data, and the value and appropriate use of an intervention are enhanced through the use of conceptual frameworks for social marketing and behavior change and considerable formative and pilot research. Behavioral impact is assessed through efficacy and effectiveness studies. Thus, the social validity of a behavior-change intervention is established through a number of interactive, a priori steps. This approach to defining social validity is related to critical analysis and intervention issues including individual and population perspectives and "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches to intervention design. This broader definition of social validity is illustrated by a project to reduce the risk of HIV infection among adolescents. Although the various steps involved in creating socially valid interventions can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, following all the steps can result in interventions capable of improving a nation's health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with clozapine use.

Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, is indicated for severely ill schizophrenic patients refractory to treatment with conventional neuroleptics. One advertised advantage of clozapine is the absence of associated neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). On the basis of a clinical case, the authors question this claim. They are concerned that this potentially fatal condition may be misdiagnosed if physicians are not aware of possible NMS associated with the use of clozapine.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Use of thermographic imaging to study babies sleeping at home.

Two 3 month old infants sleeping under different thermal conditions were found to maintain similar deep body temperatures. Thermographic imaging suggested that though the uncovered head is the main source of heat transfer, other parts of the body such as the hands may be used when necessary.

Body Temperature↗

PubMed1990

Factors influencing the body temperature of 3-4 month old infants at home during the day.

Continuous recordings of rectal temperature were made from 40 normal infants, aged 3-4 months, at home during two days of normal activities. We found that the rectal temperature of a normal, healthy baby may vary from 36.0 degrees C at night to 37.8 degrees C during active periods of the day. During daytime sleep rectal temperature fell, but to a lesser extent, and for less time than during night time sleeps. Feeds raised the temperature unless the baby slept, when they reduced the rate of fall of temperature. Bottle feeds affected temperature more quickly than breast feeds. The changes in temperature during sleep and after feeds were independent of the room temperature or thermal insulation of clothing and wrapping.

Body Temperature↗