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Biomedical subjects

E Robinson

Publications and source records attributed to E Robinson.

At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Results of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay and the Balb/3t3 cell in vitro transformation assay for eight phthalate esters.

Eight phthalate esters, with alcohol chain lengths of 1-11 carbon atoms and with various degrees of branching, were tested in vitro in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma mammalian cell mutation assay and in the Balb/3T3 cell transformation assay. The tests were performed as part of a voluntary testing agreement between the Chemical Manufacturers Association's Phthalate Esters Panel and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The esters tested were: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-¿n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl¿ phthalate (610P), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), di-¿heptyl, nonyl, undecyl¿ phthalate (711P), di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-undecyl phthalate (DUP). Both DMP and DBP were found to produce significant increases in the mutant frequency in the mouse lymphoma assay in the presence but not in the absence of an Aroclor-induced rat liver activation system (S-9). Ester 610P gave equivocal results in the mouse lymphoma assay in the presence and absence of rat liver S-9. There was no indication of mutagenic potential for any of the other test materials in the mouse lymphoma assay, and none of the test materials increased transformation frequency in the Balb/3T3 cell transformation assay. Aldehyde metabolites of the de-esterified alcohols are postulated to play a role in the positive results for DMP and DBP.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of chlorpromazine on pattern and flash ERGs and VEPs compared to oxazepam and to placebo in normal subjects.

Antidopaminergic drugs delay the pattern-reversal VEP (P-VEP) and the flash VEP (F-VEP) and, in separate studies, reductions in the amplitude and increases in the latencies of scotopic ERGs have been reported. This study investigated the effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the pattern ERG (P-ERG), P-VEP, flash ERGs and VEPs and oscillatory potentials (OPs). Normal volunteers (N = 15) were administered a placebo, or a single dose of CPZ 100 mg or oxazepam (OZP) 15 mg at weekly intervals, in a double-blind crossover design. A gold foil-ipsilateral ear derivation and an Oz'-Fz derivation were used for the ERG and VEP recordings, respectively. The latencies of 'mixed' and cone ERGs were significantly prolonged after CPZ compared to both placebo and to OZP. Amplitudes of rod- and cone-dominated ERGs were reduced following CPZ administration. All components of the OPs were significantly delayed after CPZ administration. No significant intertreatment differences were found in the F-VEP results. The P-ERG P50 peak and the P-VEP N70 and P100 peaks were significantly delayed after CPZ in the case of 28' checks but not 55' checks. Retinocortical times and P-ERG and P-VEP amplitudes were not significantly affected. In contrast to CPZ, the administration of OZP had virtually no significant effects compared to placebo. These findings suggest that the antidopaminergic CPZ has a primary effect on retinal electrophysiology. Similar findings have been reported in Parkinson's disease and in animal models.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inotropic effects of ethanol on the isolated papillary muscle of the diabetic rat.

The present study was designed to characterize the inotropic effects of ethanol (ETOH) on diabetic rat heart. Left-ventricular papillary muscles, from normal and diabetic (streptozotocin, 50 mg/kg IV; 6 weeks) rats, were superfused with Tyrode's solution at 30 oC while driven at 0.5 Hz. Developed tension, time-to-peak tension (TPT), time-to-90% relaxation (RT90), maximum rate of tension developed (+VT) and maximum rate of tension fall (-VT) were determined in the absence and presence of clinically relevant concentrations of ETOH (80-240 mg/dl, i.e., 1.7-5.2 mM). Ethanol decreased developed tension, TPT, RT90, and VT in papillary muscles from both groups. Ethanol 80 mg/dl reduced tension, +VT and -VT in preparations from diabetic animals. However, this concentration had no effect on normal muscles. An intermediate concentration of ETOH (120 mg/dl), decreased tension and +VT in preparations from both groups, whereas a higher dose (240 mg/dl) decreased tension, TPT, RT90, VT, and -VT, and induced spontaneous contractures in both groups. The negative inotropic effects of ethanol were generally concentration-dependent and the diabetic myocardium maybe more sensitive to inotropic effects of clinically relevant concentrations of ETOH. Ethanol-induced diminution in contractile tension in normal and diabetic myocardium is associated with reduced contraction and relaxation velocity as well as their respective duration.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of implementing program consequences with a group of individuals who engaged in sensory maintained hand mouthing.

This study evaluated whether a multicomponent treatment package could be successfully implemented with individuals who engage in self-injurious hand mouthing maintained by sensory consequences in the context of both individual and small group settings. Three ambulatory individuals with profound mental retardation participated on an individual basis followed by treatment within a group setting. Generalization of the intervention results to the natural living environment was then analyzed. Using an ABAB experimental design, the effectiveness of brief response interruption followed by the introduction of a preferred leisure item to reduce hand mouthing during 15-min intervention sessions was analyzed. Results of these experiments showed that the intervention could be successfully implemented during individual and small group sessions and during group sessions conducted in the natural environment. The benefits and limitations of this intervention strategy and future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

BRCA1 and BRCA2 founder mutations in patients with bilateral breast cancer.

Bilateral breast cancer is traditionally considered an indirect indicator of inherited predisposition to cancer. To appreciate the contribution of genetic determinants to bilateral breast cancer in Jewish women we genotyped 55 such women for the three predominant mutations in BRCA1 (185delAG and 5382insC) and BRCA2 (6174delT) that account for the overwhelming majority of BRCA mutations in high-risk Jewish families. Among women with bilateral breast cancer, 17 mutation carriers (17/55; 29.6%) were identified. Individual mutation frequencies were 18.5% (10/55) for 185delAG, 3.7% (2/55) for 5382insC and 7.4% (5/55) for 6174delT. Carrier rate was significantly higher (P < 0.0016) in women with bilateral breast cancer whose first tumour was diagnosed at or before 42 years of age (82%; 14/17) than in women diagnosed after 42 years of age (7.9%; 3/38). Among patients with bilateral breast cancer and positive family history 45% (14/31) carried a BRCA mutation. Of these 86% (12/14) had one breast cancer diagnosed at or before 42 years of age. Our results suggest that bilateral breast cancer per se, in most cases, does not reflect genetic predisposition, unless associated with early age of onset (first tumour diagnosed at or before 42 years of age). Although the relationship between young age and carrier state in women with bilateral breast cancer is strong, no significant association between family history and carrier state was found. We can thus speculate that women with early onset breast cancer who carry a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are prone to acquire a second breast tumour.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does inhalation injury limit exercise endurance in children convalescing from thermal injury?

The cardiopulmonary performance levels in children who are convalescing from thermal injury are unknown. This investigation was designed to evaluate cardiopulmonary function in children with and without inhalation injury. Forty children with a mean time since burn injury of 2.6 +/- 1.9 years and a mean burn size of 44% +/- 22% total body surface area were selected for the study and divided into two groups: inhalation injury (group 1) and non-inhalation injury (group 2). Pulmonary function studies and cardiopulmonary stress testing were completed on all patients. Both groups reached the same endurance level on the treadmill; however, patients in group 1 did so with an increased expired volume, respiratory rate, and ratio of dead space ventilation to total ventilation which indicated that there were greater demands on the respiratory system. Spirometry and lung volumes at rest showed that 64% of patients in group 1 had abnormal lung function compared with only 27% of patients in group 2.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Temperature changes during exercise stress testing in children with burns.

It has been postulated that because of the extensive destruction of the skin and appendages after thermal injury, the thermoregulatory control mechanism would be impaired, and these patients would be intolerant to prolonged work. Preview studies demonstrate evidence that during work in a hot climate, patients with an extensively healed burn react with an excessive rise in body temperature. This study was designed to investigate the thermoregulatory response to exercise in pediatric patients with burns and to study changes in body temperature during exercise testing. Cardiopulmonary stress tests were completed in 32 children with a mean postburn time of 2.3 +/- 1.5 years and a mean burn size of 44% +/- 23% total body surface area. Exercise variables included expired volume, tidal volume, respiratory rate, tidal/dead space rate, heart rate, and work stage achieved. Temperature monitoring included external auditory canal temperature, burn scar, and normal skin temperature. Values were measured at baseline during and at maximum exercise. Our data indicate all patients reached the same endurance level regardless of the size of the total body surface area burn. Additionally, in a temperature-controlled environment, adequate heat dissipation in children with burns can be maintained during exercise testing without an excessive rise in body temperature.

Body Temperature↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hawaiian-style "talkstory": psychosocial assessment and intervention during and after pregnancy.

Standard health care services generally limit the psychosocial assessment and management provided for women during and after pregnancy. Recommendations for improving prenatal care include the need for evaluating different approaches for addressing culturally sensitive care. In an innovative prenatal and postpartum program developed by public health nurses in Hawaii, the use of local "talkstory" has been integrated successfully as a caregiving strategy for participating women from Asian and Pacific Islander ethnic groups. This article describes the use of talkstory for delivering psychosocial care and its application in the design of health care services for pregnant women in the general population.

Asian↗