Interrelations between phosphorus, calcium, parathyroid hormone, and renal phosphate excretion in response to an oral phosphorus load in normal and uremic dogs.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Administration, Oral↗
Biomedical subjects
E Reiss
Publications and source records attributed to E Reiss.
Invasive aspergillosis: antiserum for circulating antigen produced after immunization with serum from infected rabbits.
We describe a method for producing an antibody capable of detecting an antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus in serum and urine from infected rabbits and humans.
Animals↗
Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in infected mice elicited by cytoplasmic fractions of Cryptococcus neoformans.
Four subcellular fractions of Cryptococcus neoformans prepared by differential centrifugation of disrupted whole yeast and a 3-day culture filtrate were examined for their ability to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity in sensitized animals. The methods used to detect sensitization were (i) the footpad swelling test and inhibition of peritoneal macrophage migration in mice and (ii) skin testing in guinea pigs. Two entities, the post-mitochondrial supernatant and the culture filtrate, showed considerable activity in the footpad test, with 26- and 30-microliter 24-h swellings, respectively, at 6 weeks after infection. With the latter there was interference from a strong antibody-mediated 4-h skin reaction. The post-mitochondrial supernatant produced strong delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs at a dose of 69 microgram, and there was no demonstrable cross-reactivity in animals sensitized with heterologous fungi. The footpad swelling in mice correlated well with the macrophage migration inhibition test, with 71% inhibition in mice infected subcutaneously with C. neoformans at 6 weeks. However, mice infected intravenously developed poorer cell-mediated immunity than the subcutaneously infected mice. The post-mitochondrial supernatant was found to contain detectable amounts of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide.
Animals↗
Inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion by 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the dog.
We studied the effects of vitamin D metabolites on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. Test materials were injected into the cranial thyroid artery of the dog, and immunoreactive PTH was measured frequently in serum samples from the inferior thyroid vein and the femoral vein. This model for the study of secretion had previously been validated with the use of known modulators on PTH secretion. In control experiments, injection of 100% ethanol, the vehicle in which cholecalciferol (D(3)) metabolites were suspended, resulted in no change in PTH secretion. Likewise, native vitamin D(3), in doses ranging from 250 to 1,250 ng had no effect on PTH secretion. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-(OH)D(3), in doses of 125-240 ng, caused complete suppression of PTH secretion. When 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3), was injected in doses of 50-250 ng, suppression of PTH secretion was again complete; in doses of 5 ng, injection of this metabolite resulted in significant but incomplete suppression of secretion. In doses of 50-250 ng, 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) strongly stimulated PTH secretion, but in a dose of 5 ng this metabolite had no effects. Injection of equal doses of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) and 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3) resulted in significant suppression of PTH secretion. Hypocalcemia-induced stimulation of PTH secretion was suppressed by 24,25-(OH)(2)D(3) while hypercalcemia-induced suppression of PTH secretion was stimulated by 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In all experiments showing suppression of PTH secretion, peripheral PTH decreased. Arguments are presented for considering the suppressive effects of D(3) metabolites as physiologic modulators. However, this stimulating effect of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) occurred only in pharmacologic doses and hence probably has no physiologic relevance.
Animals↗
Distribution of amikacin in serum, muscle, and fat in children after a single intramuscular injection.
Amikacin concentrations in serum, muscle, and fat were determined in 41 children after intramuscular administration of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. At 1.5 h amikacin reached peak concentrations in serum (mean value, 14.9 mug/ml) as well as in muscle (2.2 mug/g) and fat (1.89 mug/g) tissue; from then on all concentrations declined. Amikacin concentrations exceeded 1 mug/g in muscle for at least 3 h and in fat for at least 4 h.
Adipose Tissue↗
Serial enzymatic hydrolysis of cell walls of two serotypes of yeast-form Histoplasma capsulatum with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, beta(1 leads to 3)-glucanase, pronase, and chitinase.
A serial enzymatic hydrolysis procedure for the partial lysis of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form cell walls was described, and its application for the differentiation of two serotypes was evaluated. Cell walls were serially digested with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanase and beta(1 leads to 3)-glucanse of Cladosporium resinae, then by Pronase, and then by chitinase. The walls of serotype 1, 2, 3 (61.5% digested) were not susceptible to alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanse, and they contained 30.3% chitin, thus identifying the strain as chemotype 1 (chem 1). Serotype 1, 4 cells walls (51.6% digested) released 27.3% as glucose after treatment with alpha(1 leads to 3)-glucanse and contained 7.8% chitin, compatible with chemotype 2 (chem 2). In addition to quantitating the monomeric products of enzymolysis, I recovered soluble nondialyzable polysaccharide from the digests of both serotypes.
Cell Wall↗
Antigenic, chemical, and structural properties of cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form chemotypes 1 and 2 after serial enzymatic hydrolysis.
Cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form chemotypes 1 (chem 1) and 2 (chem 2) treated sequentially with several polysaccharolytic enzymes and Pronase yielded soluble, nondialyzable polysaccharides at each step, which were analyzed for monosaccharides, protein composition, and serological activity. Polysaccharide recovered after digestion of chem 1 walls with beta(1-->3)-glucanase contained glucose > mannose > glucosamine > galactose. This fraction (chem 1 betaG(1)) was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and contained a component having an apparent molecular weight of 120,000. The chem 1 betaG(1) fraction was reactive in immunodiffusion (ID), producing an immune precipitate not identical to the H and M factors of histoplasmin. In a side-by-side ID comparison with extracts of chem 2, the chem 1 betaG(1) antigen contained an additional determinant not found in chem 2 extracts when tested with goat antiserum to H. capsulatum. Therefore, the chem 1 antigen gave preliminary ID evidence of antigenic group specificity. A chemical difference observed was the absence of glucosamine from chem 2 polysaccharide. In complement fixation (CF) tests, 9 of 17 sera from human histoplasmosis patients reacted with chem 1 betaG(1), but some cross-reactivity with sera of patients with other systemic mycoses occurred. The immunoelectrophoretic patterns of chem 1 wall-derived polysaccharides showed a marked shift in mobility after Pronase digestion, implying the presence of covalent peptides. The ultrastructural appearance and serological activity of intact walls and enzyme-resistant mural cores were also studied. The surface of the mural cores of both chemotypes was perforated and frayed. In shadow-cast preparations both fibrillar and globular areas persisted in the mural cores. The CF end point serum dilutions showed an increase after alpha- and beta-glucanase extractions of chem 2 walls and fourfold reduction after Pronase digestion. The mural cores of both chemotypes were still reactive in CF tests and retained some ability to bind fluorescent antibody. The chem 1 mural core reacted with specific fluorescein-labeled H. capsulatum antiglobulins produced by adsorption with Blastomyces dermatitidis, thus indicating at least partial retention of H. capsulatum-specific factors. The presence of galactose, mannose, and glucose was detected in the mural cores as well as enriched levels of amino sugar, despite exposure to chitinase.
Antigens, Fungal↗
Comparative serological and cutaneous reactivity of candidal cytoplasmic proteins and mannan separated by affinity for concanavalin A.
Yeast-form Candida albicans cells were disrupted for 1.5 min in a Braun homogenizer and centrifuged at 100,000 X g. The supernatant was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and then dialyzed. The resulting material (650 mg), containing 81.2% protein and 11.5% carbohydrate, was subjected to affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A) linked to agarose. A protein fraction was eluted from the column with buffer, and a fraction containing mannan was eluted with 0.2 M alpha-methyl mannoside. The candidal soluble proteins had 19 components which were resolvable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The material with affinity for Con A contained mannan and 17% complexed protein. Antigenic differences between the soluble proteins and the mannan-protein complex were shown by lines of intersection in immunodiffusion. The soluble proteins devoid of mannan reacted in immunoelectrophoresis with sera from infected rabbits and patients with chronic candidiasis. These same sera also reacted with a mannan-protein complex eluted from the Con A column with alpha-methyl mannoside. The comparative ability of candidal proteins and cell wall-derived mannan to elicit skin test reactions in guinea pigs sensitized by infection or with formaldehyde-killed yeast was studied. Candidal proteins at a 10-mug dose elicited positive reactions at 6 and 21 days after sensitization. The reactions persisted for 48 h and showed minimal tendency to an arthus response, which was marked when mannan-containing antigens were used. The antigenicity of cell wall-derived mannans and candidal soluble proteins devoid of mannan was compared in immunodiffusion tests of sera from 39 patients with neoplastic disease. Of these patients with documented candidiasis, 13 of 20 reacted to one or more mannan antigens, and 3 of 20 reacted to candidal soluble proteins. In contrast, of those patients who were uninfected or had superficial Candida spp. infections, 5 of 19 reacted to candidal soluble proteins, and 16 of 19 reacted to one or more mannan antigens.
Animals↗
Solid-phase competitive-binding radioimmunoassay for detecting antibody to the M antigen of histoplasmin.
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) was designed and compared with complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests for their relative ability to detect antibodies in sera of histoplasmosis patients. M antigen, purified from histoplasmin, was fixed to microtiter wells as the solid phase, and specific rabbit 125I-labeled anti-M globulin was the source of indicator antibodies. The optimal concentrations for the competitive-binding assay were 1.6 ng per well for M antigen and 650 ng per well for the 125I-labeled anti-M globulin. A panel of sera from 29 histoplasmosis patients and from patients with other mycoses was screened for RIA activity and in complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests that used histoplasmin and Histoplasma capsulatum yeast-form antigens. The sera of 22 histoplasmosis patients reacted in the RIA, 21 in the complement fixation, and 16 in the immunodiffusion tests. Sera of patients with other mycotic infections did not react in the RIA, with the exception of those of one blastomycosis patient and one candidiasis patient. The RIA could be modified to quantitate M antigen; as little as 125 pg could be detected. The evaluation of this panel of histoplasmosis patients' sera showed that the RIA was about equivalent in sensitivity to the complement fixation test. Some advantages of the RIA over the complement fixation test were that RIA was less prone to cross-reactions and gave better quantitation of low-titered sera. The RIA was a 1-day test, was not hindered by the anti-complementary activity of some sera, and could be modified to quantitate minute amounts of M antigen.
Antibodies, Fungal↗
Acute actions of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in normal man: effect on calcium and parathyroid status.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the acute effect of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25 (OH)2D3) on serum Ca, P and immunoreactive parathyroid (iPTH) and urinary Ca, P. and cyclic AMP. In 8 normal subjects, samples were collected over intervals of 30 to 60 min during a control day and on a treatment day following oral ingestion of 1,25(OH)2D3, 2.7 microgram. For the entire group there were no significant changes in serum Ca. P, iPTH or urinary P. Urinary Ca increased significantly 7 h after administration of 1,25(OH)2D3, and urinary cAMP decreased at 12 h. In 4 patients (group A). showing an increase in serum Ca by 0;2 to 0.4 mg/dl, serum iPTH decreased in 3, and the decrease in urinary cAMP appeared sooner. Among 4 patients showing no change in serum Ca after 1,25(HO)2D3 (group B), 3 showed an increase in iPTH. These data document the early onset of action of 1,25(OH)2D3 following its administration to normal man; increments in urinary Ca provide the most sensitive index of its action. The data provide no support for the view that 1,25(OH)2D3 exerts any direct inhibitory effect on the secretion of parathyroid hormone.
Adult↗
Parathyroid hormone and the hypercalcemia of immobilization.
Serial measurements of serum calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) were performed in two young patients with hypercalcemia of immobilization. Serum PTH was elevated in both patients. With mobilization, both serum PTH and serum calcium returned to normal levels and remained so during six months of follow-up. The hyperparathyroidism of immobilization is an unexplained, reversible disorder that should be treated by medical measures and aggresive attempts at early mobilization.
Adolescent↗
Failure of water immersion to influence parathyroid hormone secretion and renal phosphate handling in normal man.
Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that the redistribution of blood volume and concomitant relative central hypervolemia induced by water immersion to the neck (NI) results in a significant natriuresis which is quantitatively identical to that induced by the acute administration of 2 L. of saline. Since the central hypervolemia induced by NI occurs without concomitant alterations in serum ionized calcium concentration (Ca++), the NI model was utilized to assess the role of volume in the regulation of PTH secretion in man. Seven normal subjects were studied following 11 hours of dehydration on two occasions, control and NI. The conditions of seated posture and time of day were identical. Blood for ionized calcium and PTH was obtained at 30-minute intervals for 6 hours. NI resulted in a significant increase in UNaV from a prestudy value of 78 +/- 12 (S.E.M.) to 222 +/- 20 muEq per minute (p less than 0.001). Concomitantly, Ca++ remained constant, ranging between 4.57 to 4.71 mg. per cent. Despite the volume-induced natriuresis, PTH was not altered throughout 5 hours of NI, ranging from 36 +/- 7 to 45 +/- 5 mul-Eq. per milliliter. Phosphate excretion remained constant. These data indicate that central volume expansion does not alter PTH in normal man when the variables of ionized calcium, posture, and time of day are controlled. Furthermore, the current demonstration of the absence of phosphaturia during immersion despite the probability that the distal delivery of phosphate was enhanced, permits consideration of the possibility that the concept of a distal tubular reabsorptive site for phosphate may be applicable to man.
Adult↗
Effect of acute and chronic metabolic acidosis on serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in man.
The effects of acute and chronic metabolic acidosis on serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were studied. Acute metabolic acidosis induced by administration of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) produced a barely detectable increase in serum iPTH. Chronic NH4Cl administration produced a marked elevation of serum iPTH that was well correlated with the magnitude of acid-induced hypercalciuria but not with the degree of acidosis. Acetazolamide administration produced an equivalent degree of acidosis, but hypercalciuria was minimal and iPTH increased only marginally. Methionine administration caused moderate hypercalciuria and a significant but moderate increase in iPTH. Chronic NH4Cl-induced acidosis produced no hypercalciuria when dietary sodium intake was rigidly restricted, and under these conditions serum iPTH remained normal. When sodium intake was suddenly increased while maintaining the acid load, hypercalciuria appeared and was followed by progressive rise in serum iPTH equivalent to that observed during chronic NH4Cl-induced acidosis in subjects consuming salt ad lib. These results indicate that chronic acidosis elevates iPTH mainly by producing hypercalciuria and that acidosis itself is not a primary stimulus to PTH secretion.
Acetazolamide↗
Metabolism of bovine parathyroid hormone. Immunological and biological characteristics of fragments generated by liver perfusion.
The metabolism of bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the perfused rat liver was studied. Labeled hormone, with or without cold hormone, was infused into the circulating perfusion medium containing various calcium concentrations. Pefusate samples at various time periods after the introduction of PTH into the system were chromatographed on Bio-gel P-10; radioactivity and/or immunoreactivity were measured in eluted fractions. Before the perfusion, all immuno- and radioactivity eluted in a single peak, with an apparent mol wt of 9,500 (peak I). After perfusion for 15 min, two other peaks with approximate mol wt of 7,000 (peak II) and 3,500 (peak III) were discernible. Peak I contained both NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal immunoreactivity and was biologically active at all time periods tested. The relative contribution of NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal immunoreactivity to the total immunoreactivity remained constant in this peak throughout the perfusion. In every respect, peak I had the characteristics of intact hormone. At all times, peak II consisted of only COOH-terminal immunoreactivity and was biologically inactive. At early time periods, peak III contained predominantly NH2-terminal immunoreactivity and was biologically active. With time, the relative contribution of NH2-terminal immunoreactivity decreased strikingly while that of COOH-terminal immunoreactivity increased. The three peaks identified in these experiments were analogous in size, biological activity, and immunological characteristics to those we have previously described for fractionated human hyperparathyroid serum. The rate of metabolism of PTH appeared to be regulated by the calcium concentration in the medium. At a high concentration of calcium (greater than 11 mg/100 ml), PTH metabolism was greatly retarded. At a low concentration of calcium (smaller than 5 mg/100 ml), the rate of metabolism was greatly increased. The physiological significance of our observations on the metabolism of PTH by isolated perfused rat liver is not known. However, since such metabolism results in a biologically active fragment, it is suggested that metabolism of intact hormone may be required before full biological expression is possible.
Animals↗
Diseases associated with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
Spectrum of hyperparathyroidism.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adenoma↗
Emerging concepts of the nature of circulating parathyroid hormones: implications for clinical research.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
Cellular immune activity of a galactomannan-protein complex from mycelia of Histoplasma capsulatum.
A galactomannan-protein complex was extracted from defatted mycelium of Histoplasma capsulatum with 0.25 N alkali at 25 C. It accounted for 7.5% of the cell dry weight in nondialyzable form and had a galactose-mannose ratio of 2:5. The complex containing 68% protein was separated into polysaccharide and glycoprotein components by ion-exchange chromatography. The galactomannan formed a single precipitate in immunodiffusion, sharing a common antigen with the glycoprotein which contained two precipitating antigens. The glycoprotein elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity in guinea pigs as measured by skin-test and macrophage migration inhibitory factor assay, with 5 mug resulting in 86% specific inhibition. The galactomannan was skin-test negative, but 10 mug resulted in 80% specific inhibition of migration.
Amino Acids↗