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Biomedical subjects

E Nielsen

Publications and source records attributed to E Nielsen.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Definition of IgG- and albumin-binding regions of streptococcal protein G.

Protein G, the immunoglobin G-binding surface protein of group C and G streptococci, also binds serum albumin. The albumin-binding site on protein G is distinct from the immunoglobulin G-binding site. By mild acid hydrolysis of the papain-liberated protein G fragment (35 kDa), a 28-kDa fragment was produced which retained full immunoglobulin G-binding activity (determined by Scatchard plotting) but had lost all albumin-binding capacity. A protein G (65 kDa), isolated after cloning and expression of the protein G gene in Escherichia coli, had comparable affinity to immunoglobulin G (5-10 X 10(10)M-1), but much higher affinity to albumin than the 35- and 28-kDa protein G fragments (31, 2.6, and 0 X 10(9)M-1, respectively). The amino-terminal amino acid sequences of the 65-, 35-, and 28-kDa fragments allowed us to exactly locate the three fragments in an overall sequence map of protein G, based on the partial gene sequences published by Guss et al. (Guss, B., Eliasson, M., Olsson, A., Uhlen, M., Frej, A.-K., Jörnvall, H., Flock, J.-I., and Lindberg, M. (1986) EMBO J. 5, 1567-1575) and Fahnestock et al. (Fahnestock, S. R., Alexander, P., Nagle, J., and Filpula, D. (1986) J. Bacteriol. 167, 870-880). In this map could then be deduced the location of three homologous albumin-binding regions and three homologous immunoglobulin G-binding regions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation. A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies.

The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE) is an integrated system for assessing the longitudinal course of psychiatric disorders. It consists of a semistructured interview, an Instruction booklet, a coding sheet, and a set of training materials. An interviewer uses the LIFE to collect detailed psychosocial, psychopathologic, and treatment information for a six-month follow-up interval. The weekly psychopathology measures ("psychiatric status ratings") are ordinal symptom-based scales with categories defined to match the levels of symptoms used in the Research Diagnostic Criteria. The ratings provide a separate, concurrent record of the course of each disorder initially diagnosed in patients or developing during the follow-up. Any DSM-III or Research Diagnostic Criteria disorder can be rated with the LIFE, and any length or number of follow-up intervals can be accommodated. The psychosocial and treatment information is recorded so that these data can be linked temporally to the psychiatric status ratings.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1987

Acute modest changes in relative humidity do not affect energy expenditure at rest in human subjects.

Energy expenditure at rest was determined twice in 10 healthy subjects with a 2-d interval at a relative humidity of 32 and 66 per cent respectively. The relative humidity over the 2 d preceding each observation was estimated to be about 32 per cent. The average (+/- s.e.m.) difference between the RMR at a relative humidity of 32 and 66 per cent respectively was found to be 0.3 +/- 1.2 watt. The results presented here justify the commonly used practice of neglecting variations in humidity when reporting on results of observations of resting metabolic rates in apparently healthy subjects.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1987

Energy expenditure during sleep in men and women: evaporative and sensible heat losses.

Evaporative and sensible heat losses were measured during sleep in 38 male and 21 female subjects in a direct whole-body calorimeter (24 m3). The subjects were all apparently healthy, had a mean body weight of 66 kg and had spent the preceding day in the calorimeter performing different fixed physical activity programmes. Heat losses were measured continuously between 11.30 p.m. and 6.30 a.m. The average (+/- s.e.m.) rate of total heat loss during the 7h of sleep was 90.6 +/- 1.21 and 74.4 +/- 1.22 watts for men and women respectively. The total heat loss during basal resting conditions immediately following sleep was 83.8 +/- 1.5 and 69.2 +/- 1.6 watts, respectively. Heat production during basal resting conditions, as measured by indirect calorimetry about 1 h after awakening on the morning of the preceding day, was found to be 85.6 +/- 1.3 and 71.2 +/- 1.1 watts, respectively. The increase in heat loss during sleep above that of basal resting conditions could largely be attributed to an increase in the evaporative heat loss. The heat loss fell during the night by about 14 per cent in women and about 30 per cent in men, approaching basal resting values in the last hour of sleep. Heat production during sleep was calculated for the male subjects by correcting the heat loss data for the published decreases in rectal temperature during the night and was found to be on average 9 per cent lower than the heat loss. The present data, as well as previously reported data, suggest that the energy expenditure of sleep is 0.95 X BMR rather than 1.0 X BMR as reported in the recent FAO/WHO/UNU Expert consultation (1985).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Human C1 inhibitor: primary structure, cDNA cloning, and chromosomal localization.

The primary structure of human C1 inhibitor was determined by peptide and DNA sequencing. The single-chain polypeptide moiety of the intact inhibitor is 478 residues (52,869 Da), accounting for only 51% of the apparent molecular mass of the circulating protein (104,000 Da). The positions of six glucosamine-based and five galactosamine-based oligosaccharides were determined. Another nine threonine residues are probably also glycosylated. Most of the carbohydrate prosthetic groups (probably 17) are located at the amino-terminal end (residues 1-120) of the protein and are particularly concentrated in a region where the tetrapeptide sequence Glx-Pro-Thr-Thr, and variants thereof, is repeated 7 times. No phosphate was detected in C1 inhibitor. Two disulfide bridges connect cysteine-101 to cysteine-406 and cysteine-108 to cysteine-183. Comparison of the amino acid and cDNA sequences indicates that secretion is mediated by a 22-residue signal peptide and that further proteolytic processing does not occur. C1 inhibitor is a member of the large serine protease inhibitor (serpin) gene family. The homology concerns residues 120 through the C-terminus. The sequence was compared with those of nine other serpins, and conserved and nonconserved regions correlated with elements in the tertiary structure of alpha 1-antitrypsin. The C1 inhibitor gene maps to chromosome 11, p11.2-q13. C1 inhibitor genes of patients from four hereditary angioneurotic edema kindreds do not have obvious deletions or rearrangements in the C1 inhibitor locus. A HgiAI DNA polymorphism, identified following the observation of sequence variants, will be useful as a linkage marker in studies of mutant C1 inhibitor genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Contamination of intravenous infusion systems--the effect of changing administration sets.

Intravenous administration sets were changed at varying time intervals between every 24 h and 120 h in 387 patients. The rates of intraluminal contamination of the cannulae and of local inflammation were measured in relation to the time interval between changing sets. There was no correlation between phlebitis and intraluminal contamination, but a significant association was found between phlebitis and fever, infusion of potassium at greater than 10 mmol l-1, Venflon type 140 and infusion of blood or intralipid. No correlation was found between septicaemia and intraluminal contamination of the infusion systems. Contamination of cannulae increased slightly with time, but this was not statistically significant. We conclude that there will be no clinical benefit by daily changing of administration sets, compared with changing up to every fifth day.

Blood Transfusion↗
PubMed1986

24-h evaporative and sensible heat losses in relation to ambient humidity at 24 degrees C in clothed human subjects.

The effect of ambient humidity on the energy expenditure of clothed subjects was investigated. Fifty-six healthy men and women, weighing about 65 kg, spent 24 h in a large human calorimeter at 24 degrees C and performed either of two fixed activity programmes. The ambient humidity varied between experiments from 3 to 11 g m-3. The sensible heat output did not vary significantly with humidity but the evaporative heat loss decreased by about 1.5 W for each g m-3 increase in humidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Energy expenditure over 24 hours on low physical activity programmes in human subjects.

The Fifth World Food Survey (FAO, 1986) has defined energy malnutrition as an intake below maintenance requirement and has suggested that maintenance requirement is equal to 1.4 times the resting metabolic rate (RMR), or, alternatively, 1.4 X RMR minus twice the standard deviation of the variation between normal subjects. In order to give substance to these numbers, we have measured the 24-h energy expenditure on two different physical activity programmes. The measurements were made on 38 men and 18 women, all apparently healthy and weighing about 65 kg. The measurements were performed at 24 degrees C and ambient humidity and the subjects wore clothes such as to be within the thermal comfort range. Measurements of the RMR were also performed. In one of the programmes, the average value of the 24-h energy expenditure divided by the RMR was found to be identical in men and women and equal to 1.38 X RMR. In another programme, with more intense physical activity, the corresponding number was 1.53 X RMR. In all three series of measurements, the coefficient of variation between subjects was found to be the same, ie between 6 and 8 per cent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Ig RNA expression in normal B cells stimulated with anti-IgM antibody and T cell-derived growth and differentiation factors.

An increase in mRNA encoding the secretory form of the mu heavy (H) chain (mus) and in the ratio of mus mRNA to the mRNA encoding the membrane form of the microH chain (micron) occurs in normal B cells stimulated with anti-IgM and BSF-p1 together with the two B cell differentiation factors B15-TRF and EL-TRF. Stimulation of cells with anti-IgM and BSF-p1 with either B15- or EL-TRF causes no change in mus levels or mus/micron ratios. The requirements for induction of high rate IgM synthesis in normal B cells stimulated with anti-IgM were precisely the same as those required for elevation of mus, mRNA levels and for increase in mus/micron mRNA ratios. A very close correlation also exists between induction of mRNA for J chain and increase in mus mRNA levels. Similarly, the increase in J chain protein concentration and percent of cells with cytoplasmic IgM were correlated to each other and to levels of mus and J chain mRNA. These results indicate that elevation of mus mRNA and mus/micron mRNA ratios occur in normal B cells only upon commitment to IgM synthesis, and reaffirm the close relation between IgM synthesis and the presence of J chain.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Within-subjects between-weeks variation in 24-hour energy expenditure for fixed physical activity.

The energy expenditure of eight male subjects over 24 h on a fixed activity programme was measured twice at an interval of one week in a 24 m3 direct calorimeter. The standard deviation of a single measurement of the total heat output was 234 kJ, or 2.2 per cent, expressed as a coefficient of variation. The corresponding numbers for sensible and evaporative heat output were 215 kJ (3.2 per cent) and 354 kJ (9.3 per cent), respectively. The within-subjects coefficient of correlation of sensible and evaporative heat loss was -0.77. The results are in agreement with previously published results (Dallosso, Murgatroyd & James, 1982) using indirect calorimetry and show that the 24-h energy expenditure on a fixed programme is a remarkably constant quantity. Furthermore, our data show that the two components of heat dissipation, ie, sensible and evaporative heat, are negatively coupled, indicating that the body can sense and communicate the activity of both effector organs.

Activity Cycles↗