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Biomedical subjects

E Newman

Publications and source records attributed to E Newman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Effects of short chain fatty acids on colonic Na+ absorption and enzyme activity.

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) stimulate colonic Na+ absorption and inhibit cAMP and cGMP-mediated Cl- secretion. It is uncertain whether SCFA have equivalent effects on absorption and whether SCFA inhibition of Cl- secretion involves effects on mucosal enzymes. Unidirectional Na+ fluxes were measured across stripped colonic segments in the Ussing chamber. Enzyme activity was measured in cell fractions of scraped colonic mucosa. Mucosal 50 mM acetate, propionate, butyrate and poorly metabolized isobutyrate stimulated proximal colon Na+ absorption equally (300%). Neither 2-bromo-octanoate, an inhibitor of beta-oxidation, nor carbonic anhydrase inhibition affected this stimulation. All SCFA except acetate stimulated distal colon Na+ absorption 200%. Only one SCFA affected proximal colon cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) (18% inhibition by 50 mM butyrate). All SCFA at 50 mM stimulated distal colon cAMP PDE (24-43%) and decreased forskolin-stimulated mucosal cAMP content. None of the SCFA affected forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in distal colon or ST(a)-stimulated guanylyl cyclase in proximal colon. Na+-K+-ATPase in distal colon was inhibited 23-51% by the SCFA at 50 mM. We conclude that all SCFA (except acetate in distal colon) stimulate colonic Na+ absorption equally, and the mechanism does not involve mucosal SCFA metabolism or carbonic anhydrase. SCFA inhibition of cAMP-mediated secretion may involve SCFA stimulation of PDE and inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed2000

Failure to identify non-bovine reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis in a region with a history of infected dairy-cattle herds.

The State of Texas had the most (cumulative) tuberculous cattle herds of any state in the United States during the decade ending in 1997. Of the cumulative 18 infected herds in Texas, 12 herds were concentrated in El Paso County (designated the 'El Paso milkshed'). To identify whether non-bovine reservoirs were a source of Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle in this region, an investigation was conducted on the premises of 14 dairy herds (12 tuberculous and 2 non-affected herds) between May 1995 and June 1997. None of the 670 mammalian, avian and environmental (soil, water and air) samples collected and cultured from the premises of these herds was positive for the presence of M. bovis. None of the 119 human urine samples obtained from employees of these dairies was culture positive for M. bovis. Of 124 dairy-farm workers with tuberculin skin-test results, 48 showed positive test results. There was, however, no difference in percentages of positive skin-test results between farms without, and farms having, bovine tuberculosis within the last two years or longer. The percentage of positive reactions did not increase with length of time employed at a dairy with a history of confirmed tuberculosis. These findings suggest that non-bovine reservoirs appear not to be a factor responsible for tuberculosis of cattle in the El Paso milkshed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Decreasing length of stay after pancreatoduodenectomy.

HYPOTHESIS: Decreased length of stay (LOS) after pancreatoduodenectomy is due to multiple factors, including a lower complication rate and more efficient perioperative care for all patients, with and without complications. DESIGN: A retrospective review, validation cohort. SETTING: A single university hospital referral center. PATIENTS: A consecutive sample of patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy from January 9, 1986, to December 21, 1992 (group 1 [n = 104]) and from February 16, 1993, to November 9, 1998 (group 2 [n = 111]). INTERVENTION: Mann-Whitney test and linear [correction of logistic] regression analysis applied to clinical variables and LOS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Difference in median LOS between early and late groups and identification of factors predictive of decreased LOS. RESULTS: Total LOS decreased between the 2 groups (26 days [range, 13-117 days] vs 15 days [range, 5-61 days]; P<.001), with a decrease in preoperative (4 days [range, 0-28 days] vs 2 days [range, 0-36 days]; P<.001) and postoperative (19 days [range, 11-95 days] vs 12 days [range, 4-58 days]; P<.001) LOS (data given for group 1 vs group 2). Major complications decreased from 49% in group 1 to 25% in group 2 (P<.001). Postoperative LOS decreased for patients with (25 days [range, 15-95 days] vs 20 days [range, 8-58 days]; P = .05) and without (15 days [range, 11-47 days] vs 11 days [range, 4-55 days]; P<.001) major complications (data given for group 1 vs group 2). Multivariate analysis identified age (P = .01), pancreatic fistula (P<.001), delayed gastric emptying (P<.001), biliary complications (P<.001), operative time (P<.005), extra-abdominal infection (P<.005), use of a percutaneous stent (P = .04), and year of operation (P<.001) as independent predictors of total LOS. CONCLUSION: A reduction in complications in combination with factors leading to a streamlining of perioperative care has contributed to the decreased LOS after pancreatoduodenectomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

External and middle ear effects on infant hearing screening test results.

This study investigated the relationship between external and middle ear factors and hearing screening results by automated auditory brain stem response (ABR) and transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs). The ears of 200 healthy newborns aged 5 to 48 hours underwent screening by ABR and EOAE, followed by otoscopic examination. The pass rates for ABR and EOAE were 91% and 58.5%, respectively. On otoscopic examination, 28% (112/400) ears had occluding vernix obscuring the view of the tympanic membrane. Cleaning of vernix was successfully performed in all but 2 ears that had occluding vernix. Cleaning of vernix significantly increased the pass rates of all 400 ears for ABR and EOAE to 96% and 69%. Decreased tympanic membrane mobility was found in 22.7% (90/396) of ears that were evaluated otoscopically. Decreased tympanic membrane mobility had a significant effect on EOAE screening; only 33.4% of ears passed EOAE testing. Decreased tympanic membrane mobility did not significantly affect pass rates for ABR screening; 95% of these ears passed the automated ABR screen. Implications for newborn hearing screening are discussed.

Cerumen↗
PubMed1999

Steps in integrin beta1-chain glycosylation mediated by TGFbeta1 signaling through Ras.

Ras is activated by transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) in several cell types, but the biological consequences of this activation are largely unknown. We now show that ras mediates two stages in integrin beta1-chain maturation: 1) glycosylation of the 86-kD core peptide, which is a TGFbeta1-independent process, and 2) TGFbeta1-mediated conversion of the 115-kD beta1 integrin precursor into the mature 130-kD form. HD3 colon epithelial cells maintain elevated levels of integrin alpha2beta1 heterodimers, strong binding to collagen I, and autocrine regulation by TGFbeta1, which converts beta1 integrin into the mature cell surface form. Each of three HD3 cell clones that stably express dominant negative ras (N17ras) exhibited abnormal glycosylation of the integrin beta1-chain, decreased cell surface expression of the mature integrin beta1, and impaired binding to collagen and laminin. Autocrine levels of TGFbeta were not altered by expression of N17ras. The aberrant glycosylation of the integrin beta1-chain was reversed by antisense oligonucleotides specific to the DNA sequence encoding the rasS17N mutation. Glycosylation of the 86-kD core peptide was delayed in the N17ras transfectants, but was not altered by either the addition of TGFbeta1 or inhibition of autocrine TGFbeta1. In contrast, conversion of the partially glycosylated beta1 integrin precursor into the mature 130-kD isoform was accelerated by exogenous TGFbeta1 and blocked by neutralizing antibody to autocrine TGFbeta1 in control cell lines. Neither effect was seen in the N17ras transfectants, indicating that TGFbeta1 modulates integrin beta1-chain maturation by activating ras proteins. Cell fractionation studies demonstrated that this conversion takes place within the Golgi.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Salud para su Corazón: a community-based Latino cardiovascular disease prevention and outreach model.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for Latinos living in the United States. This population is generally unaware of important lifestyle or behavioral changes that can prevent CVD. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) designed and implemented Salud para su Corazón (Health for Your Heart), a culturally appropriate, community-based, theory-driven intervention model. NHLBI's goals were: (1) to design an intervention model appropriate to Latino populations; (2) to pilot test the model in a specific community with the objectives of increasing awareness about heart disease, raising knowledge about CVD prevention, and promoting heart-healthy lifestyles; and (3) to disseminate the model and the materials developed to other communities with similar needs. An agency-community partnership, under the leadership of the Community Alliance for Heart Health, guided all stages of the community intervention project. The multimedia bilingual community intervention included television telenovela format public service announcements (PSAs), radio programs, brochures, recipe booklets, charlas, a promotores training manual, and motivational videos. An evaluation survey assessed the impact of the intervention. A pre-post intervention survey was conducted with more than 300 participants, and results showed that the respondents were substantially more aware of risk factors for CVD, and had greatly increased their knowledge of ways to prevent heart disease. Dissemination efforts have resulted in numerous requests by health organizations, universities, and health maintenance organizations (HMOs) for educational materials and communication strategies produced by Salud para su Corazón. In addition, Univision, the largest Spanish-language broadcast television network, is airing the initiative's PSAs. Also, training seminars for promotores are being conducted in different regions of the United States, and several locations are planning to replicate this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Myotonic dystrophy is associated with a reduced level of RNA from the DMWD allele adjacent to the expanded repeat.

Myotonic dystrophy is caused by the expansion of a CTG repeat sequence. The mechanism by which this expanded repeat produces the pathophysiology of myotonic dystrophy is not clear. It has been shown previously that expansion of the repeat produces allele-specific effects on transcripts from two genes, DMPK and SIX5. We have examined the effect of repeat expansion on the level of RNA from a third gene, DMWD. We have identified a polymorphism in this gene and developed a quantitative allele-specific assay for DMWD RNA levels, which we have applied to nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of RNA from DM cell lines. We have found that the level of the DM-associated allele in the cytoplasm of DM cell lines is reduced by 20-50% compared with the wild-type allele, similar to the level of reduction found for SIX5 in allele-specific analysis. However, no such reduction is observed in RNA from the nuclear fraction of DM cell lines. This may reflect the complex nature of processing transcriptional units at the DM locus.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of newborn hearing screening by transient otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem response using ALGO-2.

The aim of this study is to compare pass rates for two different hearing screening methods in well newborns as a function of age. A previous study by this group compared click evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAE) and automated auditory brainstem response (ABR) using the ALGO-1 infant hearing screener (Natus Medical, Foster City, CA). Since that study, a new generation automated ABR screener, the ALGO-2, has been developed. In this study, 232 ears in 116 healthy newborn infants aged 5-48 h were tested using the ALGO-2 screener and EOAE. Overall, 92% of ears passed the ABR, while 57% passed the EOAE screen. The ABR pass rate was higher than in the previous study, where 88.5% of ears passed the ABR screen using ALGO-1. The EOAE pass rate in the present study was lower than in the previous study, in which 79% passed the EOAE screen. Pass rates for both EOAE and ABR improved significantly with increasing infant age. There was no significant difference in the test time required for ALGO-2 (5.7 min) compared with EOAE (5.2 min). The results are compared with earlier studies and implications for universal hearing screening are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1997

Gastric remnant carcinoma: just another proximal gastric cancer or a unique entity?

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer that occurs 5 or more years after distal gastric resection for benign disease is defined as gastric remnant carcinoma (GRC). The purpose of this study was to determine whether postresection outcome differs between GRC and primary proximal gastric cancer (PPGC). METHODS: Twenty-five patients with GRC who underwent resection between August 1985 and July 1994 were compared with 79 PPGC patients who underwent resection during the same time period. RESULTS: Overall actuarial 5-year disease-specific survival was 63% for curatively resected GRC patients and 37% for the curatively resected PPGC patients (P = 0.1, log rank). No significant differences in survival were seen between the two groups when stratified for stage. On multivariate analysis of significant predictors of outcome for the 104 patients as a group, only the ability to do a curative resection was significant. CONCLUSION: The outcome following resection of GRC is no different from that of other primary proximal gastric cancers of the same stage. Every effort should be made to perform a curative resection, as this is a significant predictor of outcome.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Hepatic resection for noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases: a fifteen-year experience with ninety-six patients.

BACKGROUND: The role of liver resection for hepatic metastases from noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine (NCNN) cancers is unknown. This study examines a large, single institutional experience of hepatic resection for NCNN metastases. METHODS: Records of 96 patients who underwent liver resection for metastatic NCNN cancer from 1980 to 1995 at a single institution were reviewed. Survival after liver resection in this cohort of patients is reported, and factors predictive of survival are analyzed. RESULTS: Resection was performed for liver metastases from genitourinary primary tumors (n = 34), soft tissue primary tumors (n = 41), and metastases from other primary cancers (n = 21). Extent of liver resection included wedge (n = 32), lobectomy (n = 44), and extended hepatic lobectomy (n = 20). No operative deaths occurred. Overall survival rate after resection at 1, 3, and 5 years was 80%, 45% and 37%, respectively (median survival, 32 months), with 12 actual 5-year survivors. There was no difference in survival according to the type of liver resection, bilateral versus unilateral disease, or resection of extrahepatic disease. Disease-free interval of less than 36 months before discovery of liver metastases, curative resection, and primary tumor group (genitourinary was greater than soft tissue, which was greater than gastrointestinal) were predictors of a significantly better survival by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Primary tumor type, disease-free interval, and curative resection predict those patients who benefit from hepatic resection. Hepatic resection for patients with NCNN metastasis has value in carefully selected patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Does the study of victimization revictimize the victims?

Although the number of questionnaire surveys examining the sequelae of prior sexual and physical victimization has increased over the last decade, little attention has been given to understanding the impact of such studies on participants. As part of a larger study of long-term effects of prior sexual and physical victimization, 500 randomly selected women in an HMO received a comprehensive questionnaire including multiple symptomatic distress measures and several items inquiring into previous history of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and neglect. They also completed a short rating scale asking about their reactions to completing the questionnaire. Despite the sensitive content, the women who participated generally found the experience to be a positive one. Only a small number of women were more upset than they had anticipated, but the vast majority felt they would have completed the survey even if they had known in advance how they would feel. The subset of women who did express distress was significantly different from the group that did not, with respect to other measures of symptomatic distress and trauma exposure. These data suggest that surveys that inquire into prior episodes of childhood victimization are generally well tolerated by women who participate, and that, although a small number may be disturbed by these investigations, in general, adverse reactions may be less common than previously anticipated.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Two hundred thirty four participants in the DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Field Trial who reported sexual and/or physical abuse were evaluated. Participants were categorized according to type of abuse (physical, sexual, both), duration of abuse (acute versus chronic), and onset of abuse (early versus late). Separate logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between age of onset, duration, abuse type, and the complex PTSD (CP) lifetime diagnosis for women and men. Sexually abused women, especially those who also experienced physical abuse, had a higher risk of developing CP, although CP symptoms occurred at a high base rate among physically abused women. The theoretical implications and incremental clinical usefulness of targeting CP symptoms with abused populations are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Thematic resolution, PTSD, and complex PTSD: the relationship between meaning and trauma-related diagnoses.

The role of modifying schemas in trauma-focused psychotherapy has received theoretical and clinical attention. However, the relationship of schematic processing to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis has not been examined empirically. The current study-compared measures of thematic disruption among individuals with PTSD alone, PTSD with concurrent complex PTSD, and no PTSD. Eighty two participants were interviewed to assess PTSD status, complex PTSD status, traumatic life events, and trauma-related thematic processing. Results indicated that variables quantifying thematic disruption and thematic resolution significantly distinguished those individuals with concurrent PTSD plus complex PTSD from the other two groups. Exploratory analyses indicated that PTSD symptom severity and the interpersonal nature of the trauma were related to thematic disruption.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Heart disease education and prevention program targeting immigrant Latinos: using focus group responses to develop effective interventions.

Although research has provided considerable knowledge concerning the positive effects of behavioral change on morbidity and mortality from heart disease and related risk factors, some segments of the population have not benefited equitably from this information. In April 1995, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) conducted seven focus groups to determine knowledge and attitudes about heart disease and associated risk factors, identify media usage and preferences, and assess publications usage and preferences among Spanish-speaking Latino immigrants residing in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. This information was gathered to assist in the development of key messages and strategies for the NHLBI Latino Community Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Outreach Initiative, Salud para su Corazón--a heart disease prevention and education campaign. Findings from these focus groups indicate that Latinos may not benefit from heart disease prevention messages developed for the general population because of language and cultural differences. The researchers concluded that health education and disease prevention programs targeting the Latino community should develop educational materials and interventions that address language preferences and cultural values. Furthermore, to be effective, these programs should show people how to make positive behavioral changes based on their current circumstances, while remaining sensitive to the fact that Latino immigrants face major life adjustments and many are still greatly influenced by their country of origin.

Adolescent↗