Biomedical subjects

E N Chini

Publications and source records attributed to E N Chini.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Palmitoyl-CoA potentiates the Ca2+ release elicited by cyclic ADP-ribose.

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a potent mediator of Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores in sea urchin eggs that ultimately activates the ryanodine channel. We now report that certain long-chain acyl-CoA derivative metabolites (14-18 carbons in length), such as palmitoyl-CoA, greatly potentiate the effect of cADPR on Ca2+ release. Furthermore, in higher concentrations, palmitoyl-CoA and other closely related long-chain acyl-CoA derivatives trigger Ca2+ release apparently through the ryanodine channel in sea urchin egg homogenates. Palmitoyl-CoA-induced Ca2+ release was suppressed by ruthenium red, spermine, and the calmodulin antagonist N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, which all prevent activation of the ryanodine channel, but not by heparin or thionicotinamide-NADP. In addition, cADPR was able to desensitize the sea urchin egg homogenates to the subsequent Ca2+ release induced by palmitoyl-CoA and vice versa. In contrast, neither inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) nor the newly identified Ca2+ release agonist nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate was able to desensitize the homogenate to palmitoyl-CoA, indicating that palmitoyl-CoA probably acts selectively by activating the ryanodine channel, but, unlike cADPR, palmitoyl-CoA might act directly on this channel. Finally, we found that palmitoyl-CoA was able to counteract the inhibitory effect of Mg2+ and spermine, which, in physiological concentrations, suppress specifically the cADPR-induced Ca2+ release. We propose that palmitoyl-CoA, present in micromolar concentrations, may trigger Ca2+ release through the ryanodine channel and, in lower concentrations, may increase the sensitivity of the Ca2+ release system to cADPR. Thus palmitoyl-CoA may serve as a regulatory link between the intermediary metabolism and the cADPR-induced Ca2+ release signaling pathway.

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose↗

PubMed1996

Adenine nucleotide diphosphates: emerging second messengers acting via intracellular Ca2+ release.

Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores is a widespread mechanism in regulation of cell function. Two hitherto unknown adenine diphosphonucleotides were recently identified, which trigger Ca2+ release from intracellular stores via channels that are distinct from the well-known receptor/channel controlled by inositol 1,4,5,-trisphosphate (IP3): cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). Here we review synthesis of cADPR from beta-NAD, its hydrolysis to adenosine diphosphoribose (noncyclic) by cADPR glycohydrolase, as well as our knowledge about the metabolism of NAADP. The Ca2+ release triggered by cADPR, NAADP, or IP3 can be distinguished by the action of inhibitors and by desensitization studies. Evidence now emerges that cADPR synthesis from beta-NAD can be stimulated, at least in some cell types by all-trans-retinoic acid as a first messenger. We then review the properties of cADPR and NAADP as potential second messengers in the intracrine regulation of cell functions. Although their exact role in signaling sequences is not yet known, cADPR and NAADP are likely to play important intracellular regulatory functions, as extensively documented for the process of egg fertilization.

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose↗

PubMed1995

Ca2+ release triggered by nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate in intact sea urchin eggs.

Nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) was recently identified [Lee and Aarhus (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 2152-2157; Chini, Beers and Dousa (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 3116-3223] as a potent Ca(2+)-releasing agent in sea urchin egg homogenates. NAADP triggered Ca2+ release by a mechanism that was distinct from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)- and cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)-induced Ca2+ release. When NAADP was microinjected into intact sea urchin eggs it induced a dose-dependent increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ which was independent of the extracellular [Ca2+]. The Ca2+ waves elicited by microinjections of NAADP originated at the site of injection and swept across the cytosol. As previously found in sea urchin egg homogenates, NAADP-induced Ca2+ release in intact eggs was not blocked by heparin or by prior desensitization to InsP3 or cADPR. Thio-NADP, a specific inhibitor of the NAADP-induced Ca2+ release in sea urchin homogenates [Chini, Beers and Dousa (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 3116-3223] blocked NAADP (but not InsP3 or cADPR) injection-induced Ca2+ release in intact sea urchin eggs. Finally, fertilization of sea urchin eggs abrogated subsequent NAADP-induced Ca2+ release, suggesting that the NAADP-sensitive Ca2+ pool may participate in the fertilization response. This study demonstrates that NAADP acts as a selective Ca(2+)-releasing agonist in intact cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Adrenomedullin suppresses mitogenesis in rat mesangial cells via cAMP pathway.

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a vasoactive peptide that was recently localized in renal glomeruli. In the present study we explored whether ADM stimulates cAMP system in glomerular mesangial cells (MC) and whether it can via "negative-crosstalk" inhibit the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and thus suppress proliferation of MC. We found that ADM elicited accumulation of cAMP and in situ activation of protein kinase A (PKA) in cultured MC. Addition of 1 nM ADM to incubation media inhibited the proliferation in both quiescent MC and cells maximally stimulated by PDGF and also decreased the activation of MAPK induced by PDGF. These results indicate that ADM can suppress MC mitogenesis and suggest that it may function as an endogenous paracrine supressor of MC proliferation.

Adrenomedullin↗

PubMed1995

Enzymatic synthesis and degradation of nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), a Ca(2+)-releasing agonist, in rat tissues.

We have recently found that nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a potent agonist that triggers Ca2+ release from intracellular stores of sea urchin eggs, and that its action is distinct from effects of IP3 and cyclic ADP-ribose (J. Biol. Chem. 270:3216, 1995). Now we report that extracts from rat brain, heart, liver, and spleen but not kidney cortex contain enzymatic activity which catalyzes NAADP synthesis by exchange of nicotinamide for nicotinic acid and which is probably catalyzed by NAD(P)-glycohydrolase. Extracts from these tissues also inactivate NAADP in the rank inverse to their ability for NAADP synthesis. These results suggest that NAADP, a Ca(2+)-releasing agent, can be generated in mammalian tissues, namely in brain.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) triggers a specific calcium release system in sea urchin eggs.

Transient fluxes of intracellular ionized calcium (Ca2+) from intracellular stores are integral components of regulatory signaling pathways operating in numerous biological regulations, including in early stages of egg fertilization. Therefore, we explored whether NADP, which is rapidly generated by phosphorylation of NAD upon fertilization may, directly or indirectly, exert a regulatory role as a trigger of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores in sea urchin eggs. NADP had no effect, but we found that the deamidated derivative of NADP, nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate (beta-NAADP), is a potent and specific stimulus (ED50 16 nM) for Ca2+ release in sea urchin egg homogenates. NAADP triggers the Ca2+ release via a mechanism which is distinct from the well-known Ca2+ release systems triggered either by inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) or by cyclic adenosine diphospho-ribose (cADPR). The NAADP-induced release of Ca2+ is not blocked by heparin, an antagonist of IP3, or by procaine or ruthenium red, antagonists of cADPR. However, it is selectively blocked by thionicotinamide-NADP which does not inhibit the actions of IP3 or cADPR. NAADP produced by heating of NADP in alkaline (pH = 12) medium or synthetized enzymatically by nicotinic acid-NADP reaction catalyzed by NAD glycohydrolase have identical properties. The results presented herein thus describe a novel endocellular Ca(2+)-releasing system controlled by NAADP as a specific stimulus. The NAADP-controlled Ca2+ release system may be an integral component of multiple intracellular regulations occurring in fertilized sea urchin eggs, which are mediated by intracellular Ca2+ release, and may also have similar role(s) in other tissues.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Different thermostabilities of sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPases from rabbit and trout muscles.

Trout and rabbit (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPases from sarcoplasmic reticulum were compared for differences in thermal inactivation and susceptibility to trypsin digestion. The trout ATPase is more heat-sensitive than the rabbit ATPase and is stabilized by Ca2+, Na+, K+ and nucleotides. Solubilization of both ATPases shows that the two ATPases have different protein-intrinsic inactivation kinetics. When digested by trypsin, the two ATPases display different cleavage patterns. The present results indicate that the trout and rabbit ATPases have dissimilarities in protein structure that may explain the differences in thermal inactivation kinetics.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Metabolism of cyclic ADP-ribose in opossum kidney renal epithelial cells.

We have previously shown that NAD+ inhibits renal Na(+)-Pi symport; however, the biochemical mechanism of NAD+ in this action is not clarified. We now propose that NAD+ acts indirectly by first being converted to cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), a potent stimulator of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. In permeabilized opossum kidney (OK) cells, a cell line often employed as a model for study of proximal tubular epithelial transport, cADPR is synthesized from beta-NAD+ in a substrate concentration (0.01-1 mM) and time-dependent manner. That cADPR was generated from beta-NAD+ by OK cells was verified by coelution with authentic cADPR on anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography and by homologous desensitization of the Ca2+ release bioassay to authentic cADPR. cADPR synthesized by permeabilized OK cells was not influenced by the addition of parathyroid hormone. The OK cell also contains the enzyme activity necessary to catalyze catabolism of cADPR. Identification of these two key enzyme activities of cADPR metabolism in OK cells is consistent with a possible role of cADPR in regulation of the Na(+)-Pi symporter by NAD+ in response to metabolic stimuli.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗

PubMed1995

Specific modulation of cyclic ADP-ribose-induced Ca2+ release by polyamines.

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a potent mediator of Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores in sea urchin eggs. However, the regulation of the cADPR-induced Ca2+ release system is not yet fully elucidated. We now report that spermine and related polyamines, in physiological concentrations, were able to inhibit the Ca2+ release induced by cADPR in sea urchin egg homogenate bioassays, as measured using the Ca2+ indicator fluo 3, but had no effect on the Ca2+ release induced by D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) or by nicotinate adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). Spermine was a more potent inhibitor of the cADPR-induced Ca2+ release than spermidine and putrescine. Spermine inhibited not only the release induced by cADPR but also the Ca2+ release induced by caffeine and ryanodine. Finally, pretreatment of the sea urchin egg homogenates with caffeine or Sr2+ and Ca2+ prevented the inhibitory effect of spermine on cADPR-induced Ca2+ release. We propose that polyamines, which are present in millimolar concentrations in fertilized eggs, are specific inhibitors of the ryanodine channel and perhaps may serve as endogenous regulators of the cADPR-induced Ca2+ release system.

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose↗

PubMed1995

Unique localization of mRNA encoding plasma membrane Ca2+ pump isoform 3 in rat thin descending loop of Henle.

In our previous study of plasma membrane Ca2+ pump (PMCA) isozymes in the rat kidney, we found that the mRNA coding isoform PMCA3 was detected primarily in the outer medullary zone of rat kidney tissue. We now investigated the location of the mRNAs coding for isoforms PMCA3 and PMCA4 of Ca2+ pump in the nephron segments that are present in outer medullary parenchyma using the method of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. In mRNA extracted from whole dissected outer medulla we detected mRNA encoding three splice variants (a, b, and c) of isoform PMCA3; isoform PMCA4 was found in the outer medulla almost exclusively as variant b. Analysis of mRNA from microdissected tubule segments show that proximal straight tubules (PST), medullary thick ascending limbs, outer medullary collecting ducts, and descending thin limb of Henle's loop (DTL) all contained mRNA for isoform 4b. In contrast, the mRNA encoding isoform 3 was detected exclusively in DTL and not in other nephron segments. The unique presence of isoform 3 in DTL is rather surprising, since the specific role of this nephron segment in vectorial Ca2+ transport or in intracellular Ca2+ signaling is not known. The data suggest that isoform 3 in cells of the DTL may have a hitherto unrecognized specific role in Ca2+ signaling or transport of Ca2+, which is distinct from the role of the isoforms of the PMCA in all other nephron segments.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

All-trans-retinoic acid stimulates synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose in renal LLC-PK1 cells.

Cyclic adenosine diphospho-ribose (cADPR) triggers Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and is therefore proposed to function as a second messenger in cellular signaling; however, an extracellular stimulus, i.e., first messenger (hormone or autacoid) that modulates cADPR metabolism has not been identified. We discovered that all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is a potent stimulus to increase cADPR synthesis by cultured LLC-PK1 cells. The stimulation of cADPR synthesis by atRA is dose dependent between 0.1 nM and 1 microM (maximum increase approximately delta + 600%), while atRA does not alter the rate of cADPR hydrolysis by LLC-PK1 cells. The activity of other intrinsic apical membrane enzymes was not significantly altered. The stimulation of cADPR synthesis by atRA occurs after a lag period of 6-8 h, and the stimulation is inhibited by actinomycin D and by cycloheximide. Our results therefore demonstrate that atRA in physiological concentrations is a potent extracellular stimulus, first messenger, that enhances cADPR synthesis, and the effect of atRA requires de novo protein synthesis. We suggest that some of the diverse biologic actions of atRA such as morphogenetic and cell differentiation may be mediated via cADPR.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗

PubMed1995

Inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes type-III and type-IV suppress mitogenesis of rat mesangial cells.

We studied interactions between the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway and cAMP-protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway in regulation of mitogenesis of mesangial cells (MC) determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation, with or without added EGF. Forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP strongly (by 60-70%) inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation into MC. Cilostamide, lixazinone or cilostazol selective inhibitors of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozyme PDE-III, inhibited mitogenesis to similar extent as forskolin and DBcAMP and activated in situ PKA, but without detectable increase in cAMP levels. Cilostamide and cilostazol were more than three times more effective at inhibiting mesangial mitogenesis than rolipram and denbufylline, inhibitors of isozyme PDE-IV, even though PDE-IV was two times more abundant in MC than was PDE-III. On the other hand, when incubated with forskolin, rolipram-enhanced cAMP accumulation was far greater (10-100x) than with cilostamide. EGF increased MAPK activity (+300%); PDE isozyme inhibitors which suppressed mitogenesis also inhibited MAPK. PDE isozyme inhibitors also suppressed PDGF-stimulated MC proliferation. We conclude that cAMP inhibits the mitogen-dependent MAPK-signaling pathway probably by decreasing the activity of Raf-1 due to PKA-catalyzed phosphorylation. Further, we surmise that minor increase in the cAMP pool metabolized by PDE-III is intimately related to regulation of mesangial proliferation. Thus, PDE isozyme inhibitors have the potential to suppress MC proliferation by a focused effect upon signaling pathways.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed1994

Formation of reactive oxygen metabolites in glomeruli is suppressed by inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase isozyme type IV.

Several independent studies indicate that synthetic inhibitors of cyclic-3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozymes, especially inhibitors of PDE-IV, are potent agents which suppress generation of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) by NADPH oxidase in leukocytes. Recent studies also show that NADPH oxidase is present in all cell types populating glomeruli. In view of this, we investigated PDE isozymes and their relation to ROM in isolated rat glomeruli. Glomeruli have the capacity to hydrolyze cAMP by isozymes PDE-II, PDE-III and PDE-IV, whereas cGMP is hydrolyzed by PDE-I and PDE-V. Inhibitor of PDE-IV rolipram inhibited significantly (cca 40 to 50%) ROM generation in response to stimulation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Inhibitor of PDE-III cilostamide had only minor suppressive effects and inhibitors of other PDE isozymes did not influence ROM generation. Rolipram (3 microM) suppressed ROM generation without detectable increase in cAMP content. Incubation of glomeruli with forskolin, which increased cAMP content in glomeruli tenfold, inhibited ROM generation to a similar degree as rolipram. The suppression of ROM generation by rolipram was prevented by Rp-cAMPS, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Further, incubation of glomeruli with rolipram elicited marked in situ activation of PKA (+ 100%), as documented by increase in the (-cAMP/+cAMP) PKA activity ratio. We suggest that selective inhibitor of PDE-IV rolipram acted via the cAMP-signaling pathway and suppressed ROM generation possibly via phosphorylating ras-type GTP-binding protein component of NADPH oxidase and thereby blocking assembly of functional NADPH oxidase complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed1993

The Ca(2+)-transporting ATPases of rabbit and trout exhibit different pH- and temperature-dependences.

The phosphorylation of the trout sarcoplasmic-reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase by Pi differs in its temperature- and pH-dependence from the rabbit ATPase. In the trout enzyme, the apparent affinity for Pi and maximum phosphoenzyme values do not vary over a pH and temperature ranges that have a pronounced effect on the rabbit enzyme. The lack of temperature-dependence for phosphorylation is observed at pH 6.8. At pH 8.0, the temperature profile for phosphorylation of the trout enzyme resembles that of the rabbit at pH 6.8. The rabbit ATPase is no longer phosphorylated by Pi after solubilization with the detergent C12E9. In contrast, the trout enzyme can be phosphorylated by Pi after solubilization with C12E9, and the same levels of phosphoenzyme were obtained with the soluble and membrane-bound ATPase at both 0 degrees and 25 degrees C. In the range of 0-20 degrees C, the rates of ATP synthesis and of Ca2+ uptake by the trout ATPase are less temperature-dependent than for the rabbit enzyme. However, both isoenzymes catalyse ATP hydrolysis with similar temperature-dependences. The results raise the possibility that protonation of specific amino acid residues may contribute to the lack of temperature-dependence for phosphorylation of the trout Ca(2+)-ATPase.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1992

The enhancement of Ca2+ efflux from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by urea.

Urea, in nondenaturing concentrations, inhibited Ca2+ uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with no concomitant effect on ATP hydrolysis. This inhibition was antagonized by 5 mM oxalate and 20 mM orthophosphate. At concentrations of 0.2 to 1.0 M, urea induced an increase in the Ca2+ efflux from preloaded vesicles diluted in a medium at pH 7.0 containing 2 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid, 0.1 mM orthophosphate, and 0.1 mM MgCl2. The urea-induced efflux was arrested by ligands of the (Ca(2+)-Mg2+) ATPase, namely, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and ADP, and by ruthenium red and the polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine. In the case of polyamines a dissociation between the effect on the efflux and the net Ca2+ uptake was observed, as only the efflux could be blocked by the drugs. Glycine betaine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and sucrose antagonized the effects of urea on both the net Ca2+ uptake and the rate of Ca2+ efflux.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed1990

K(+)- and Mg2(+)-dependent hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate catalyzed by the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate in the presence of Mg2+ and EGTA and is stimulated by Ca2+. The Mg2(+)-dependent hydrolysis of acetyl phosphate measured in the presence of 6 mM acetyl phosphate, 5 mM MgCl2, and 2 mM EGTA is increased 2-fold by 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. This activity is further stimulated 1.6-fold by the addition of 30 mM KCl. In this condition addition of Ca2+ causes no further increase in the rate of hydrolysis and Ca2+ uptake is reduced to a low level. In leaky vesicles, hydrolysis continues to be back-inhibited by Ca2+ in the millimolar range. Unlike ATP, acetyl phosphate does not inhibit phosphorylation by Pi unless dimethyl sulfoxide is present. The presence of dimethyl sulfoxide also makes it possible to detect Pi inhibition of the Mg2(+)-dependent acetyl phosphate hydrolysis. These results suggest that dimethyl sulfoxide stabilizes a Pi-reactive form of the enzyme in a conformation that exhibits comparable affinities for acetyl phosphate and Pi. In this conformation the enzyme is transformed from a Ca2(+)- and Mg2(+)-dependent ATPase into a (K+ + Mg2+)-ATPase.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Monosaccharides and disaccharides decrease the Km for phosphorylation of a membrane-bound enzyme ATPase.

The disaccharides trehalose and sucrose, and to a lesser extent the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, decrease the apparent Km of the Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum for Pi. This effect is more pronounced at pH 7.4 than at pH 6.2. The enzyme is not phosphorylated by Pi when the temperature of the medium is decreased to 0 degree C, but when 1.5 M trehalose or sucrose is present phosphoenzyme formation increases to 0.5 mumol E-P/g protein.

Animals↗